Salzberger B, Buder F, Lampl B T, Ehrenstein B, Hitzenbichler F, Holzmann T, Schmidt B, Hanses F
Abt. Krankenhaushygiene und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Deutschland.
Sachgebiet Infektionsschutz und Hygiene, Gesundheitsamt Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland.
Gastroenterologe. 2020;15(6):443-451. doi: 10.1007/s11377-020-00479-y. Epub 2020 Oct 29.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta coronavirus, which first appeared in 2019 and rapidly spread causing a worldwide pandemic. Here we present a nonsystematic review of the current knowledge on its epidemiological features. The SARS-CoV‑2 replicates mainly in the upper and lower respiratory tract and is mainly transmitted by droplets and aerosols from asymptomatic and symptomatic infected subjects. The estimate for the basic reproduction number (R0) is between 2 and 3 and the median incubation period is 6 days (range 2-14 days). Similar to the related coronaviruses SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), superspreading events play an important role in spreading the disease. The majority of infections run an uncomplicated course but 5-10% of those infected develop pneumonia or a systemic inflammation leading to hospitalization, respiratory and potentially multiorgan failure. The most important risk factors for a complicated disease course are age, hypertension, diabetes, chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases and immunodeficiency. The current infection fatality rate over all age groups is between 0.5% and 1% and the rate rises after the sixth decade of life. Nosocomial transmission and infections in medical personnel have been reported. A drastic reduction of social contacts has been implemented in many countries with outbreaks of SARS-CoV‑2, leading to rapid reductions in R0. Most interventions have used bundles and which of the measures have been more effective is still unknown. Using mathematical models an incidence of 0.4%-1.8% can be estimated for the first wave in Germany.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）是一种β冠状病毒，于2019年首次出现并迅速传播，引发了全球大流行。在此，我们对其流行病学特征的现有知识进行非系统性综述。SARS-CoV-2主要在上、下呼吸道复制，主要通过无症状和有症状感染个体产生的飞沫和气溶胶传播。基本再生数（R0）估计在2至3之间，中位潜伏期为6天（范围2 - 14天）。与相关冠状病毒严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）和中东呼吸综合征（MERS）类似，超级传播事件在疾病传播中起重要作用。大多数感染呈非复杂性病程，但5% - 10%的感染者会发展为肺炎或全身性炎症，导致住院、呼吸衰竭甚至多器官功能衰竭。疾病复杂病程的最重要危险因素是年龄、高血压、糖尿病、慢性心血管和肺部疾病以及免疫缺陷。所有年龄组的当前感染死亡率在0.5%至1%之间，且在60岁以后死亡率上升。已有医护人员医院内传播和感染的报道。许多出现SARS-CoV-2疫情的国家已大幅减少社交接触，导致R0迅速下降。大多数干预措施采用了综合措施，哪些措施更有效仍不清楚。使用数学模型估计德国第一波疫情的发病率为0.4% - 1.8%。
