Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India.
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi -110062, India.
Curr Med Chem. 2021;28(39):8003-8035. doi: 10.2174/0929867327666201104151752.
At present, skin cancer is considered a widespread malignancy in human beings. Among diverse population types, Caucasian populations are much more prone to this malignancy in comparison to darker skin populations due to the lack of skin pigmentation. Skin cancer is divided into malignant and non-melanoma skin cancer, which is further categorized as basal and squamous cell carcinoma. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation, chemical carcinogen (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, tar, etc.), and viruses (herpes virus, human papillomavirus, and human T-cell leukemia virus type-1) are major contributing factors to skin cancer. There are distinct pathways available through which skin cancer develops, such as the JAK-STAT pathway, Akt pathway, MAPKs signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, to name a few. Currently, several targeted treatments are available, such as monoclonal antibodies, which have dramatically changed the line of treatment of this disease but possess major therapeutic limitations. Thus, many phytochemicals have been evaluated either alone or in combination with the existing synthetic drugs to overcome their limitations and have been found to play a promising role in the prevention and treatment. In this review, a complete overview of skin cancer, starting from the signaling pathways involved, newer developed drugs with their targets and limitations, along with the emerging role of natural products alone or in combination as potent anticancer agents and their molecular mechanism involved has been discussed. Apart from this, various nano-cargos have also been mentioned here, which can play a significant role in the management and treatment of different types of skin cancer.
目前，皮肤癌被认为是人类中一种广泛存在的恶性肿瘤。在不同的人群类型中，白种人群比深色皮肤人群更容易患这种恶性肿瘤，因为他们的皮肤色素沉着较少。皮肤癌分为恶性和非黑色素瘤皮肤癌，进一步分为基底细胞癌和鳞状细胞癌。紫外线辐射、化学致癌物（多环芳烃、砷、焦油等）和病毒（疱疹病毒、人乳头瘤病毒和人类 T 细胞白血病病毒 1 型）是导致皮肤癌的主要因素。皮肤癌有多种不同的发展途径，如 JAK-STAT 途径、Akt 途径、MAPKs 信号通路、Wnt 信号通路等。目前，有几种靶向治疗方法可用，例如单克隆抗体，这些方法极大地改变了这种疾病的治疗方法，但存在主要的治疗限制。因此，许多植物化学物质已被评估，无论是单独使用还是与现有的合成药物联合使用，以克服其局限性，并已被发现对预防和治疗具有很大的作用。在这篇综述中，我们全面概述了皮肤癌，从涉及的信号通路开始，讨论了新开发的药物及其靶点和局限性，以及天然产物单独或联合作为有效的抗癌药物的新兴作用及其涉及的分子机制。除此之外，还提到了各种纳米载体，它们在不同类型皮肤癌的管理和治疗中可以发挥重要作用。
