Male hybrid sterility in the cattle-yak and other bovines: a review.

Hybridization is important for both animal breeders attempting to fix new phenotypic traits and researchers trying to unravel the mechanism of reproductive barriers in hybrid species and the process of speciation. In interspecies animal hybrids, gains made in terms of adaptation to environmental conditions and hybrid vigor may be offset by reduced fertility or sterility. Bovine hybrids exhibit remarkable hybrid vigor compared to their parents. However, the F1 male hybrid exhibits sterility, whereas the female is fertile. This male-biased sterility is consistent with the Haldane rule where heterogametic sex is preferentially rare, absent, or sterile in the progeny of two different species. The obstacle of fixing favorable traits and passing them to subsequent generations due to the male sterility is a major setback in improving the reproductive potential of bovines through hybridization. Multiperspective approaches such as molecular genetics, proteomics, transcriptomics, physiology, and endocrinology have been used by several researchers over the past decade in an attempt to unravel the potential mechanisms underlying male hybrid sterility. However, the mechanism of sterility in the hybrid male is still not completely unravelled. This review seeks to provide an update of the mechanisms of the sterility in the cattle-yak and other bovines.