Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Yucatán, México.
Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, México.
Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2021 Mar;23(2):250-258. doi: 10.1111/plb.13214. Epub 2021 Jan 7.
Shifts in phenotypes derived from the domestication syndromes impact plant performance but may also affect interactions with other species in the community (e.g. mutualists and antagonists). Moreover, plantations often differ from the natural conditions experienced by the wild relatives of cultivated plants, potentially altering the nature of ecological interactions. However, apart from herbivory, little is known about how domestication and cultivation practices (e.g. insecticide application) can modify multiple ecological interactions simultaneously in wild and domesticated plants. In four sites on the Yucatan Peninsula, we compared the diversity of mutualists (e.g. moths) and antagonists (e.g. viruses) in wild and domesticated plants of papaya. For each individual, we recorded floral visitors and rates of visitation at three time periods during the day. We recorded type and percentage of damage by antagonists in three leaves of all individuals. Finally, we explored if plant sex had an effect on the interaction with floral visitors. The main floral visitors were ants and Trigona species, whereas viruses caused the main type of foliar damage. Wild individuals had a higher diversity and visitation rate of floral visitors, and less foliar damage from antagonists. Wild male individuals were more visited, but we observed a similar amount and diversity of damage in both sexes. The time of day did not have an effect on diversity of floral visitors. Together, cultivation practices and domestication appear to have an effect on the reduction in diversity of floral visitors in domesticated papaya, as well as an increase in foliar damage.
表型的转变源于驯化综合征，这会影响植物的表现，但也可能会影响植物与群落中其他物种（如互利共生体和天敌）的相互作用。此外，人工林通常与栽培植物野生亲缘种所经历的自然条件不同，这可能会改变生态相互作用的性质。然而，除了食草作用之外，人们对于驯化和栽培实践（例如杀虫剂的应用）如何同时改变野生和栽培植物中多种生态相互作用的性质知之甚少。在尤卡坦半岛的四个地点，我们比较了野木瓜和栽培木瓜中互利共生体（如蛾类）和天敌（如病毒）的多样性。对于每个个体，我们在一天中的三个时间点记录了花访客的数量和访问率。我们在所有个体的三片叶子上记录了天敌造成的损害的类型和百分比。最后，我们探讨了植物性别是否会影响与花访客的相互作用。主要的花访客是蚂蚁和 Trigona 物种，而病毒则导致了叶片损伤的主要类型。野生个体具有更高的花访客多样性和访问率，以及更少的天敌引起的叶片损伤。野生雄性个体受到更多访问，但我们观察到两性个体受到的损伤数量和种类相似。一天中的时间对花访客的多样性没有影响。总之，栽培实践和驯化似乎会降低栽培木瓜中花访客的多样性，并增加叶片损伤。
