Dejous Corinne, Krishnan Uma Maheswari
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, Talence, F-33400, France.
School of Arts, Science & Humanities, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, India; Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, India; School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, India.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2021 Feb 1;173:112790. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112790. Epub 2020 Nov 3.
Prostate cancer represents one of the most common forms of cancer affecting men across the globe. Due to late diagnosis of this disease, the mortality of this condition is very high. Conventional diagnostic methods like the direct rectal examination are uncomfortable and, in most cases, delayed, and further confirmation is required with biopsies and Gleason score. The most common biomarker approved by the FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) is the prostate specific antigen (PSA) that is detected by conventional biochemical assays which require expensive reagents, is time-consuming and more often is only indicative and cannot be considered confirmative as it is susceptible to erroneous conclusions. The prostate health index employs quantification of PSA in its free and bound forms to enumerate the risk of prostate cancer and has found acceptance with clinicians though the methods used to determine these quantities are slow and require additional sensitivity. Search for novel biomarkers other than PSA has resulted in the identification of several promising candidates. However, their detection is still heavily dependent upon conventional biochemical assays that retain the challenges of being time-consuming, poorly sensitive and expensive. Development of specific sensor technologies integrating nanomaterials offers a viable alternative for rapid and sensitive determination of these non-PSA markers. This review summarizes the major advances in the development of sensors for diagnosis of prostate cancer using non-PSA markers. It also highlights some of the emerging paradigms in cancer diagnosis that may transform the diagnostic field in the context of prostate cancer.
前列腺癌是全球男性中最常见的癌症形式之一。由于这种疾病诊断较晚，其死亡率非常高。像直接直肠检查这样的传统诊断方法让人不舒服，而且在大多数情况下会延迟诊断，还需要通过活检和 Gleason 评分进行进一步确认。美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准的最常见生物标志物是前列腺特异性抗原（PSA），它通过传统生化检测来检测，这种检测需要昂贵的试剂，耗时较长，而且通常只是指示性的，不能被视为确定性的，因为它容易得出错误结论。前列腺健康指数通过对游离和结合形式的 PSA 进行定量来评估前列腺癌风险，尽管用于确定这些量的方法较慢且需要更高的灵敏度，但已被临床医生所接受。寻找除 PSA 之外的新型生物标志物已鉴定出几种有前景的候选物。然而，它们的检测仍然严重依赖于传统生化检测，而这些检测仍然存在耗时、灵敏度低和成本高的问题。集成纳米材料的特定传感器技术的发展为快速、灵敏地测定这些非 PSA 标志物提供了可行的替代方案。本综述总结了使用非 PSA 标志物诊断前列腺癌的传感器开发的主要进展。它还强调了一些癌症诊断中可能改变前列腺癌诊断领域的新兴模式。
