Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Mar 15;760:143337. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143337. Epub 2020 Nov 4.
Raptors (birds of prey and owls) have been widely used as suitable bioindicators of environmental pollution. They occupy the highest trophic positions in their food chains and are documented to bioaccumulate high concentrations of persistent pollutants such as toxic metals and legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs).Whereas raptors played a critical role in developing awareness of and policy for chemical pollution, they have thus far played a much smaller role in current research on contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Given the critical knowledge obtained from monitoring 'legacy contaminants' in raptors, more information on the levels and effects of CECs on raptors is urgently needed. This study critically reviews studies on raptors from Europe reporting the occurrence of CECs with focus on the investigated species, the sampled matrices, and the bioanalytical methods applied. Based on this, we aimed to identify future needs for monitoring CECs in Europe. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), novel flame retardants (NFRs), and to a lesser extent UV-filters, neonicotinoids, chlorinated paraffins, parabens and bisphenols have been reported in European raptors. White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) were the most frequently studied raptor species. Among matrices, eggs, feathers and plasma were the most widely employed, although the potential role of the preen gland as an excretory organ for CECs has recently been proposed. This review highlights the following research priorities for pollution research on raptors in Europe: 1) studies covering all the main classes of CECs; 2) research in other European regions (mainly East Europe); 3) identification of the most suitable matrices and species for the analysis of different CECs; and 4) the application of alternative sample treatment strategies (e.g. QuEChERS or pressurized liquid extraction) is still limited and conventional solvent-extraction is the preferred choice.
猛禽（猛禽和猫头鹰）已被广泛用作环境污染的合适生物标志物。它们在食物链中占据最高的营养位，据记录可生物积累高浓度的持久性污染物，如有毒金属和持久性有机污染物（POPs）。尽管猛禽在提高对化学污染的认识和制定相关政策方面发挥了关键作用，但在当前对新兴关注污染物（CECs）的研究中，它们的作用要小得多。鉴于从监测猛禽中的“传统污染物”中获得的关键知识，迫切需要更多关于 CECs 对猛禽的水平和影响的信息。本研究批判性地回顾了欧洲有关猛禽中 CECs 发生情况的研究报告，重点关注所调查的物种、采样基质和应用的生物分析方法。在此基础上，我们旨在确定欧洲监测 CECs 的未来需求。全氟烷基物质（PFASs）、新型阻燃剂（NFRs）以及在较小程度上的紫外线滤光剂、新烟碱类杀虫剂、氯化石蜡、对羟基苯甲酸酯和双酚类物质已在欧洲猛禽中报告。白尾鹰（Haliaeetus albicilla）、游隼（Falco peregrinus）和北方苍鹰（Accipiter gentilis）是最常研究的猛禽物种。在基质中，卵、羽毛和血浆是最广泛使用的，尽管最近有人提出，绒羽腺作为 CECs 的排泄器官的潜在作用。本综述强调了欧洲猛禽污染研究的以下研究重点：1）涵盖所有主要类别的 CECs 的研究；2）在其他欧洲地区（主要是东欧）的研究；3）确定分析不同 CECs 的最适合的基质和物种；4）替代样品处理策略（例如 QuEChERS 或加压液体萃取）的应用仍然有限，传统溶剂萃取是首选。
