Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico.
Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico.
Microbiol Res. 2021 Feb;243:126644. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126644. Epub 2020 Nov 5.
Neutrophils are the first cells of the innate immune system that respond to infection by arriving at sites when pathogens have exceeded physical barriers. Among their response mechanisms against pathogens is the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid and antimicrobial proteins such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, antimicrobial peptides, and other proteins in neutrophil granules. The formation of extracellular traps is considered an effective strategy to capture and, in some cases, neutralize pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. However, it is also known that pathogens can respond to NETs by expressing some virulence factors, thus evading the antimicrobial effect of these structures. These include the secretion of proteins to degrade the deoxyribonucleic acid scaffold, the formation of biofilms that impede the effect of NETs, or the modification of its membrane structure to avoid interaction with NETs. In this review, we discuss these mechanisms and summarize the different pathogens that employ one or more mechanisms to evade the NET-mediated neutrophil response.
中性粒细胞是先天免疫系统的第一反应细胞，在病原体突破物理屏障时到达感染部位。它们针对病原体的反应机制之一是释放中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网（NETs），其由脱氧核糖核酸和抗菌蛋白组成，如中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶、髓过氧化物酶、抗菌肽和中性粒细胞颗粒中的其他蛋白质。形成胞外诱捕网被认为是捕获并在某些情况下中和病原菌、真菌、寄生虫或病毒的有效策略。然而，人们也知道病原体可以通过表达一些毒力因子来应对 NETs，从而逃避这些结构的抗菌作用。这些机制包括分泌蛋白降解脱氧核糖核酸支架、形成生物膜以阻碍 NETs 的作用，或改变其膜结构以避免与 NETs 相互作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了这些机制，并总结了不同的病原体利用一种或多种机制来逃避 NET 介导的中性粒细胞反应。
