Mikkonen Antti T, Martin Jennifer, Dourson Michael L, Hinwood Andrea, Johnson Mark S
University of South Australia Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Macleod, Victoria, Australia.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2021 Mar;40(3):871-886. doi: 10.1002/etc.4931. Epub 2021 Jan 29.
Many state and federal environmental and health agencies have developed risk-based criteria for assessing the risk of adverse health effects of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) exposure to humans and the environment. However, the criteria that have been developed vary; drinking water criteria developed for perfluorooctanoic acid, for example, can vary by up to 750 fold. This is due to differences and variability in the data and information used, study/endpoint selection, assumptions and magnitude of uncertainty factors used in the absence and extrapolation of critical effect data, differences in underlying approaches to addressing exposure within criteria development, and/or policy decisions on levels of acceptable risk. We have critically evaluated the methods used to develop these criteria while focusing on derivation and application of drinking water criteria and discuss a range of improvements to risk-characterization practice recently presented at a Focused Topic Meeting on PFAS conducted by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in Durham, North Carolina, USA, 12 to 15 August 2019. We propose methods that consider maximizing the use of disparate data streams, seeking patterns, and proposing biologically based approaches to evidence integration toward informed criteria development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:883-898. © 2020 SETAC.
许多州和联邦环境与健康机构已经制定了基于风险的标准，用于评估全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）暴露对人类健康和环境造成不良影响的风险。然而，已制定的标准各不相同；例如，为全氟辛酸制定的饮用水标准相差可达750倍。这是由于所使用的数据和信息存在差异和变异性、研究/终点选择、在缺乏关键效应数据和进行外推时所使用的假设及不确定性因素的大小、在标准制定过程中处理暴露问题的基本方法存在差异，以及/或者关于可接受风险水平的政策决定。我们在重点关注饮用水标准的推导和应用的同时，对制定这些标准所使用的方法进行了批判性评估，并讨论了2019年8月12日至15日在美国北卡罗来纳州达勒姆由环境毒理学与化学学会举办的PFAS专题会议上最近提出的一系列风险特征描述实践改进措施。我们提出了一些方法，这些方法考虑最大限度地利用不同的数据流、寻找模式，并提出基于生物学的方法来整合证据，以制定明智的标准。《环境毒理学与化学》2021年；40:883 - 898。© 2020 SETAC。
