Hannuksela M, Haahtela T
Dept. of Dermatology, University of Oulu, Finland.
Allergy. 1987 Nov;42(8):561-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb00386.x.
Only seldom have food additives been shown to cause true allergic (immunological) reactions. Adverse effects due to various pharmacological or other mechanisms are much more common. The individual tolerance may be decreased for one reason or another, and may fluctuate from time to time. Many patients suffering from food additive reactions have atopic constitutions and such clinical symptoms as flexural dermatitis, rhinitis and asthma. The most important skin symptoms caused by food additives are urticaria, angioneurotic edema, and contact urticaria. Azo dyes, benzoic acid and several other common food additives may aggravate or, more rarely, even cause urticaria. Spices are one of the most common causes of immunological contact urticaria. Non-immunological contact urticaria is produced by numerous spices, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, cinnamic acid, and many essential oils. Asthma and rhinitis are the main hypersensitivity symptoms in the respiratory tract, and azo dyes, benzoic acid, and sulfitic food additives are the most common causative agents. Systemic and respiratory reactions to food colorants and benzoates have been claimed to occur more frequently in acetylsalicylic acid- (ASA-)sensitive patients than in non-reactors. Hypersensitivity reactions in organs other than the skin and respiratory tract are rare or poorly documented. Psychological factors play an essential role in both food and food additive reactions.
食品添加剂很少被证明会引发真正的过敏（免疫）反应。由各种药理或其他机制导致的不良反应则更为常见。个体耐受性可能因各种原因而降低，并且可能随时间波动。许多患有食品添加剂反应的患者具有特应性体质以及诸如屈侧皮炎、鼻炎和哮喘等临床症状。食品添加剂引起的最重要的皮肤症状是荨麻疹、血管性水肿和接触性荨麻疹。偶氮染料、苯甲酸和其他几种常见的食品添加剂可能会加重荨麻疹，甚至在极少数情况下引发荨麻疹。香料是免疫性接触性荨麻疹最常见的病因之一。多种香料、苯甲酸、山梨酸、肉桂酸和许多精油会引发非免疫性接触性荨麻疹。哮喘和鼻炎是呼吸道主要的过敏症状，偶氮染料、苯甲酸和亚硫酸盐类食品添加剂是最常见的致病因素。据称，对食用色素和苯甲酸盐的全身及呼吸道反应在对乙酰水杨酸（ASA）敏感的患者中比在无反应者中更频繁发生。皮肤和呼吸道以外器官的过敏反应很少见或记录不足。心理因素在食物和食品添加剂反应中都起着至关重要的作用。
