School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
J Environ Manage. 2021 Feb 1;279:111623. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111623. Epub 2020 Nov 19.
Mining has been a long-standing key player in economic development, employment, infrastructure, and supply of essential raw materials for society. It has served as a viable route to economic transformation in resource-rich countries like Australia, Canada, the United States, and parts of Africa. In this review, the impact of mining has been conceptualized into economic, environmental, and social impacts. While it is clear that mining has transformed many economies, it has also impacted negatively on the environment and, to some extent, society. Some of the negative impacts of mining are loss of vegetation cover, mass destruction of water bodies, loss of biodiversity, land-use changes and food insecurity, increased social vices and conflicts, high cost of living, and air pollution. However, reclamation has been a viable way of reducing the negative impacts of abandoned mine lands and ensure productive and efficient utilization of mine wastelands. Compaction, low or high pH, low water holding capacity, gullies, bulk density, deficiency of micro, and macronutrients are the major factors limiting the productivity of mine wastelands. A combination of physical, chemical, and biological restoration practices is ideal for restoring the mine soil productivity. While the physical method deals with earth-battering, thus putting the land back to shape, the chemical and biological methods include various amendments such as biochar, compost, synthetic fertilizers, synthetic chelates, shrubs, and grasses, and nanoparticles. A combination of these three restoration methods restores soil fertility, stimulates microbial growth, and facilitates early ecological succession. However, before embarking on reclamation, the particular post-mined land use should be clearly stated, such as conservations, forestry, agriculture, construction, intensive recreation, non-intensive recreation, and lake or pool through land suitability and selection analyses. This review has guiding significance and recommendations for mining and post-mined rehabilitation.
矿业一直是经济发展、就业、基础设施以及为社会提供基本原材料的重要角色。矿业是资源丰富的国家（如澳大利亚、加拿大、美国和非洲部分地区）实现经济转型的可行途径。在本综述中，矿业的影响被概念化为经济、环境和社会影响。虽然矿业显然已经改变了许多经济体，但它也对环境产生了负面影响，在某种程度上也对社会产生了负面影响。矿业的一些负面影响包括植被覆盖的丧失、大量水体的破坏、生物多样性的丧失、土地利用的变化和粮食不安全、社会恶习和冲突的增加、生活成本的提高以及空气污染。然而，复垦是减少废弃矿山负面影响和确保矿山荒地高效利用的可行途径。压实、低或高 pH 值、低持水能力、沟壑、容重、微量和大量营养素的缺乏是限制矿山荒地生产力的主要因素。物理、化学和生物修复实践的结合是恢复矿山土壤生产力的理想选择。虽然物理方法涉及到土地的冲击，从而使土地恢复原状，但化学和生物方法包括各种改良剂，如生物炭、堆肥、合成肥料、合成螯合剂、灌木和草类以及纳米颗粒。这三种修复方法的结合可以恢复土壤肥力、刺激微生物生长并促进早期生态演替。然而，在进行复垦之前，应通过土地适宜性和选择分析，明确规定特定的矿山后土地用途，例如保护、林业、农业、建筑、密集型娱乐、非密集型娱乐以及湖泊或池塘等。本综述对矿业和矿山修复具有指导意义和建议。
