School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth PL4 8AA, Plymouth, United Kingdom; Marine & Environmental Research (MER) Lab Ltd, 202 Amathountos Avenue, Marina Gardens, Block B, Limassol, 4533, Cyprus.
Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, I-80121, Napoli, Italy.
J Environ Manage. 2021 Feb 15;280:111690. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111690. Epub 2020 Nov 25.
Marine ecosystems are undergoing major transformations due to the establishment and spread of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS). Some of these organisms have adverse effects, for example by reducing biodiversity and causing ecosystem shifts. Others have upsides, such as benefits to fisheries or replacing lost ecological functions and strengthening biogenic complexity. Stopping the spread of NIS is virtually impossible and so the societal challenge is how to limit the socioeconomic, health, and ecological risks, and sustainably exploit the benefits provided by these organisms. We propose a move away from the notion that NIS have only negative effects, and suggest a turn towards an Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management approach for NIS (EBFM-NIS) in the Mediterranean Sea, the world's most invaded marine region. A structured, iterative, and adaptive framework that considers the range of costs and benefits to ecosystems, ecosystem services, and fisheries is set out to determine whether NIS stocks should be managed using sustainable or unsustainable exploitation. We propose fishery reforms such as multiannual plans, annual catch limits, technical measures for sustainable exploitation, and legitimization of unlimited fishing of selected NIS and introduction of a radical new license for NIS fishing for unsustainable exploitation. Depending on local conditions, investment strategies can be included within the EBFM-NIS framework to protect/enhance natural assets to improve ecosystem resilience against NIS, as well as fishery assets to improve the performance of NIS fisheries. Examples of the former include the enhancement of Marine Protected Areas, harvesting of invasive NIS within MPAs, and protection of overfished predators and key species. Examples of the latter include market promotion and valorisation of NIS products, development of novel NIS products, and innovative/alternative NIS fishing such as fishery-related tourism ('pescatourism'). The application of the suggested EBFM-NIS would create jobs, protect and enhance ecosystem services, and help to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.
海洋生态系统由于非本地物种（NIS）的建立和传播而发生重大变化。其中一些生物具有不利影响，例如减少生物多样性并导致生态系统转变。另一些则有好处，例如对渔业有益，或者替代失去的生态功能并加强生物生成复杂性。阻止 NIS 的传播几乎是不可能的，因此社会面临的挑战是如何限制这些生物的社会经济、健康和生态风险，并可持续地利用这些生物提供的好处。我们建议不再认为 NIS 只有负面影响，并建议在地中海采用基于生态系统的渔业管理方法（EBFM-NIS）来管理 NIS，地中海是世界上海洋受入侵最严重的地区。提出了一个结构化、迭代和自适应的框架，该框架考虑了对生态系统、生态系统服务和渔业的成本和收益范围，以确定是否应采用可持续或不可持续的开发方式来管理 NIS 种群。我们建议进行渔业改革，例如多年计划、年度捕捞限额、可持续开发的技术措施，以及合法化对选定 NIS 的无限捕捞和引入一种激进的新许可证，用于对 NIS 进行不可持续的捕捞。根据当地情况，可以在 EBFM-NIS 框架内纳入投资策略，以保护/增强自然资产，提高生态系统对 NIS 的抵御能力，以及保护渔业资产，以提高 NIS 渔业的绩效。前者的例子包括加强海洋保护区、在 MPAs 内收获入侵的 NIS 以及保护过度捕捞的捕食者和关键物种。后者的例子包括促进 NIS 产品的市场推广和增值、开发新的 NIS 产品以及创新/替代 NIS 捕捞，如与渔业相关的旅游（“渔旅”）。应用建议的 EBFM-NIS 将创造就业机会，保护和增强生态系统服务，并有助于实现联合国可持续发展目标 14：养护和可持续利用海洋、海洋和海洋资源，促进可持续发展。
