Roberts Callum M, Hawkins Julie P, Gell Fiona R
Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005 Jan 29;360(1453):123-32. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1578.
Many fishery management tools currently in use have conservation value. They are designed to maintain stocks of commercially important species above target levels. However, their limitations are evident from continuing declines in fish stocks throughout the world. We make the case that to reverse fishery declines, safeguard marine life and sustain ecosystem processes, extensive marine reserves that are off limits to fishing must become part of the management strategy. Marine reserves should be incorporated into modern fishery management because they can achieve many things that conventional tools cannot. Only complete and permanent protection from fishing can protect the most sensitive habitats and vulnerable species. Only reserves will allow the development of natural, extended age structures of target species, maintain their genetic variability and prevent deleterious evolutionary change from the effects of fishing. Species with natural age structures will sustain higher rates of reproduction and will be more resilient to environmental variability. Higher stock levels maintained by reserves will provide insurance against management failure, including risk-prone quota setting, provided the broader conservation role of reserves is firmly established and legislatively protected. Fishery management measures outside protected areas are necessary to complement the protection offered by marine reserves, but cannot substitute for it.
目前使用的许多渔业管理工具都具有保护价值。它们旨在将具有商业重要性的物种数量维持在目标水平之上。然而，从全球鱼类种群持续减少的情况来看，它们的局限性显而易见。我们认为，为了扭转渔业衰退、保护海洋生物并维持生态系统进程，禁止捕鱼的广泛海洋保护区必须成为管理策略的一部分。海洋保护区应纳入现代渔业管理，因为它们能实现许多传统工具无法做到的事情。只有完全且永久地禁止捕鱼，才能保护最敏感的栖息地和脆弱物种。只有保护区才能让目标物种形成自然的、延长的年龄结构，维持其遗传变异性，并防止因捕鱼影响而产生有害的进化变化。具有自然年龄结构的物种将保持更高的繁殖率，并且对环境变化更具恢复力。保护区维持的较高种群数量将为应对管理失败提供保障，包括易于产生风险的配额设定，前提是保护区更广泛的保护作用得到坚定确立并受到法律保护。保护区以外的渔业管理措施对于补充海洋保护区提供的保护是必要的，但无法替代它。
