College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Nov 27;17(23):8830. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17238830.
Improving fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) is an effective means to reduce fertilizer use and environmental contamination. Few studies have considered the spatial effects of FUE and its determinants. This paper calculated the FUE of agricultural production by adopting panel data on 31 provinces in China from 2007 to 2017 using a stochastic frontier method with a heteroscedastic inefficiency term, and discussed the spatial characteristics. Further, the geographical weighted regression model (GWR) was employed to examine the spatial impact of factors on FUE and revealed the spatial dispersion and agglomeration effect. The results show that averaged FUE in China was 0.722, and had a significantly decreasing trend with a significant regional difference and spatial positive correlation in different provinces. The non-agricultural employment ratio was the leading factor for increasing FUE, and its degree of influence showed a decreasing trend from eastern to western China. The different agricultural industry development modes, crop planting patterns adjustment, labor transfer, and policy incentive systems for increasing the non-agricultural employment ratio should be developed for different regions. Farmers' income had a negative impact on FUE, but the influence degree decreased annually. Education level had a negative impact on FUE and was relatively weak, but the influence degree was increasing. This should strengthen the exploration of a scientific and practical technical training system for farmers on fertilizer use while improving educational levels in different regions on the basis of local characteristics. The impact of disasters on FUE depended on their severity, and a combined weather and disaster forecasting mechanism should be developed.
提高肥料利用效率（FUE）是减少肥料使用和环境污染的有效手段。很少有研究考虑 FUE 的空间效应及其决定因素。本文采用具有异方差误差项的随机前沿方法，利用中国 2007-2017 年 31 个省份的面板数据，计算了农业生产的 FUE，并讨论了其空间特征。进一步，采用地理加权回归模型（GWR）考察了因素对 FUE 的空间影响，揭示了空间分散和集聚效应。结果表明，中国的平均 FUE 为 0.722，呈显著下降趋势，且不同省份之间存在显著的区域差异和空间正相关。非农就业比例是提高 FUE 的主导因素，其影响程度从东部向西部呈递减趋势。应根据不同地区的情况，发展不同的非农就业比例提高模式，如农业产业发展模式、作物种植模式调整、劳动力转移和政策激励制度。农民收入对 FUE 有负面影响，但影响程度逐年下降。教育水平对 FUE 有负面影响，且相对较弱，但影响程度在增加。这应在基于地方特色提高不同地区教育水平的基础上，加强对农民科学实用施肥技术培训体系的探索。灾害对 FUE 的影响取决于其严重程度，应建立一个综合的天气和灾害预测机制。
