Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
Viruses. 2020 Dec 4;12(12):1388. doi: 10.3390/v12121388.
Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world's staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA's food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.
病毒病大流行和疫情在世界主要粮食作物中发生，对全球粮食安全构成重大威胁，特别是在气候为热带或亚热带的发展中国家。此外，由于气候变化加速，控制病毒病的难度越来越大，以及需要养活不断增长的全球人口，这种威胁正在迅速加剧。这些大流行和疫情的主要原因之一是将在其他地方驯化的粮食作物引入一个新的大陆，然后它们被以前从未遇到过的破坏性病毒病所侵袭。这篇综述重点介绍了由感染的替代宿主中的土著病毒溢出到引入的作物中引发的大流行和主要疫情的历史和最新信息。这种溢出需要在管理和自然植被界面上进行新的接触。描述的主要病毒病大流行示例有两个（木薯花叶病、木薯褐条病），它们威胁着撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）的粮食安全，另一个（番茄黄卷叶病）则在全球范围内造成威胁。还有一个例子描述了一种病毒病大流行，它威胁着西非的一个主要种植园作物（可可肿胀茎），这种作物是一种重要的粮食出口。此外，还描述了两个威胁 SSA 粮食安全的主要病毒病疫情（水稻黄斑病、花生卷叶病）。此外，还简要介绍了两个主要的玉米病毒病疫情（SSA 的玉米条纹病、地中海和中东地区的玉米粗矮病）、一个主要的水稻病害疫情（美洲的水稻黄叶白叶病），以及破坏番茄的 Tospovirus 和 Begomovirus 病害疫情番茄，这些疫情在不同的世界地区损害了粮食安全。对于每一次大流行或主要疫情，都解释了驱动其最初出现的因素，以及随后其重要性和地理分布的增加。最后，阐明了为实现有效管理由溢出事件引发的严重病毒病大流行和疫情，全球需要做些什么。
