School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
Waste Manag. 2021 Feb 1;120:549-563. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.016. Epub 2020 Dec 9.
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) comprises a globally important waste stream due to the scarcity and value of the materials that it contains; annual generation of WEEE is increasing by 3-5% per annum. The effective management of WEEE will contribute critically to progress towards (1) realisation of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, (2) a circular economy, and (3) resource efficiency. This comprehensive review paper provides a critical and contemporary examination of the current global situation of WEEE management and discusses opportunities for enhancement. Trends in WEEE generation, WEEE-related policies and legislation are exemplified in detail. Four typical future WEEE management scenarios are identified, classified and outlined. The European Community is at the forefront of WEEE management, largely due to the WEEE Directive (Directive 2012/19/EU) which sets high collection and recycling targets for Member States. WEEE generation rates are increasing in Africa though collection and recycling rates are low. WEEE-related legislation coverage is increasing in Asia (notably China and India) and in Latin America. This review highlights emerging concerns, including: stockpiling of WEEE devices; reuse standards; device obsolescence; the Internet of Things, the potential for collecting space e-debris, and emerging trends in electrical and electronic consumer goods. Key areas of concern in regard to WEEE management are identified: the partial provision of formal systems for WEEE collection and treatment at global scale; further escalation of global WEEE generation (increased ownership, and acceleration of obsolescence and redundancy); and absence of regulation and its enforcement. Measures to improve WEEE management at global scale are recommended: incorporation of circular economy principles in EEE design and production, and WEEE management, including urban mining; extension of WEEE legislation and regulation, and improved enforcement thereof; harmonisation of key terms and definitions to permit consistency and meaning in WEEE management; and improvements to regulation and recognition of the informal WEEE management sector.
废弃电气电子设备（WEEE）是一种重要的全球废弃物流，因为其所含材料的稀缺性和价值；WEEE 的年产生量以每年 3-5%的速度递增。有效管理 WEEE 将对以下方面的进展产生至关重要的影响：(1) 实现联合国可持续发展目标，(2) 循环经济，和 (3) 资源效率。本文全面综述了 WEEE 管理的全球现状，并讨论了改进的机会，对其进行了批判性和现代性的审视。详细举例说明了 WEEE 产生的趋势、与 WEEE 相关的政策和法规。确定、分类并概述了四个典型的未来 WEEE 管理情景。欧洲共同体在 WEEE 管理方面处于领先地位，这主要得益于 WEEE 指令（指令 2012/19/EU），该指令为成员国设定了较高的收集和回收目标。尽管收集和回收利用率低，非洲的 WEEE 产生率仍在增加。亚洲（特别是中国和印度）和拉丁美洲的 WEEE 相关立法覆盖率正在增加。本综述强调了一些新出现的问题，包括：WEEE 设备的库存；再利用标准；设备过时；物联网、收集空间电子垃圾的潜力，以及电气和电子产品的新兴趋势。在 WEEE 管理方面，确定了关键的关注领域：在全球范围内，为 WEEE 的收集和处理提供部分正规系统；全球 WEEE 产生量的进一步升级（拥有量增加、过时和冗余加速）；以及缺乏监管及其执行。建议在全球范围内采取措施改善 WEEE 管理：在 EEE 设计和生产以及 WEEE 管理中纳入循环经济原则，包括城市采矿；扩大 WEEE 立法和监管，并改进其执行；统一关键术语和定义，以确保 WEEE 管理的一致性和含义；改进对非正式 WEEE 管理部门的监管和认可。
