Vazquez Maribel
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, BME-219, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
Micromachines (Basel). 2020 Dec 9;11(12):1089. doi: 10.3390/mi11121089.
Bioengineering systems have transformed scientific knowledge of cellular behaviors in the nervous system (NS) and pioneered innovative, regenerative therapies to treat adult neural disorders. Microscale systems with characteristic lengths of single to hundreds of microns have examined the development and specialized behaviors of numerous neuromuscular and neurosensory components of the NS. The visual system is comprised of the eye sensory organ and its connecting pathways to the visual cortex. Significant vision loss arises from dysfunction in the retina, the photosensitive tissue at the eye posterior that achieves phototransduction of light to form images in the brain. Retinal regenerative medicine has embraced microfluidic technologies to manipulate stem-like cells for transplantation therapies, where de/differentiated cells are introduced within adult tissue to replace dysfunctional or damaged neurons. Microfluidic systems coupled with stem cell biology and biomaterials have produced exciting advances to restore vision. The current article reviews contemporary microfluidic technologies and microfluidics-enhanced bioassays, developed to interrogate cellular responses to adult retinal cues. The focus is on applications of microfluidics and microscale assays within mammalian sensory retina, or neuro retina, comprised of five types of retinal neurons (photoreceptors, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, retinal ganglion) and one neuroglia (Müller), but excludes the non-sensory, retinal pigmented epithelium.
生物工程系统已经改变了我们对神经系统（NS）中细胞行为的科学认识，并开创了创新的再生疗法来治疗成人神经疾病。特征长度从单微米到数百微米的微尺度系统，已经对NS中众多神经肌肉和神经感觉组件的发育及特殊行为进行了研究。视觉系统由眼睛感觉器官及其与视觉皮层的连接通路组成。严重的视力丧失是由视网膜功能障碍引起的，视网膜是眼睛后部的感光组织，它实现光的光电转换以在大脑中形成图像。视网膜再生医学采用微流控技术来操控类干细胞用于移植治疗，即将去分化/分化的细胞引入成年组织中，以替代功能失调或受损的神经元。微流控系统与干细胞生物学和生物材料相结合，已经在恢复视力方面取得了令人兴奋的进展。本文综述了当代微流控技术以及为研究细胞对成年视网膜信号的反应而开发的微流控增强生物测定法。重点是微流控技术和微尺度测定法在哺乳动物感觉视网膜（即神经视网膜）中的应用，神经视网膜由五种类型的视网膜神经元（光感受器、水平细胞、双极细胞、无长突细胞、视网膜神经节细胞）和一种神经胶质细胞（穆勒细胞）组成，但不包括非感觉性的视网膜色素上皮。
