Jakhmola Shweta, Indari Omkar, Kashyap Dharmendra, Varshney Nidhi, Rani Annu, Sonkar Charu, Baral Budhadev, Chatterjee Sayantani, Das Ayan, Kumar Rajesh, Jha Hem Chandra
Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India.
Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India.
Heliyon. 2020 Dec;6(12):e05706. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05706. Epub 2020 Dec 11.
Coronaviruses are large positive-sense RNA viruses with spike-like peplomers on their surface. The family's strains infect different animals and are popularly associated with several outbreaks, namely SARS and MERS epidemic. COVID-19 is one such recent outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 identified first in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by WHO on 11 March 2020. Our review provides information covering various facets of the disease starting from its origin, transmission, mutations in the virus to pathophysiological changes in the host upon infection followed by diagnostics and possible therapeutics available to tackle the situation. We have highlighted the zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, known to share 96.2% nucleotide similarity with bat coronavirus. Notably, several mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, PLpro, and ORF3a are reported across the globe. These mutations could alter the usual receptor binding function, fusion process with the host cell, virus replication, and the virus's assembly. Therefore, studying these mutations could help understand the virus's virulence properties and design suitable therapeutics. Moreover, the aggravated immune response to COVID-19 can be fatal. Hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are comorbidities substantially associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review article discusses these aspects, stating the importance of various comorbidities in disease outcomes. Furthermore, medications' unavailability compels the clinicians to opt for atypical drugs like remdesivir, chloroquine, etc. The current diagnostics of COVID-19 include qRT-PCR, CT scan, serological tests, etc. We have described these aspects to expose the information to the scientific community and to accelerate the research.
冠状病毒是一类大型正链RNA病毒，其表面有刺突状包膜糖蛋白。该病毒家族的毒株感染不同动物，并与多次疫情爆发密切相关，即严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）和中东呼吸综合征（MERS）疫情。2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）就是最近由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）引起的一次疫情爆发，该病毒最初在中国武汉被发现。2020年3月11日，世界卫生组织宣布COVID-19为大流行病。我们的综述提供了涵盖该疾病各个方面的信息，从其起源、传播、病毒突变到感染后宿主的病理生理变化，接着是诊断方法以及应对这种情况可能可用的治疗方法。我们强调了SARS-CoV-2的人畜共患起源，已知它与蝙蝠冠状病毒有96.2%的核苷酸相似性。值得注意的是，全球各地都报道了SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白、核衣壳蛋白、木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白酶（PLpro）和开放阅读框3a（ORF3a）中的几种突变。这些突变可能会改变通常的受体结合功能、与宿主细胞的融合过程、病毒复制以及病毒组装。因此，研究这些突变有助于了解病毒的毒力特性并设计合适的治疗方法。此外，对COVID-19加剧的免疫反应可能是致命的。高血压、糖尿病和心血管疾病是与SARS-CoV-2感染密切相关的合并症。这篇综述文章讨论了这些方面，阐述了各种合并症在疾病转归中的重要性。此外，药物的短缺迫使临床医生选择瑞德西韦、氯喹等非传统药物。目前COVID-19的诊断方法包括定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）、计算机断层扫描（CT）、血清学检测等。我们描述了这些方面，以便向科学界公开信息并加速研究。
