Schuker E
Women Health. 1987;13(1-2):141-7. doi: 10.1300/j013v13n01_12.
Four psychological principles help us to understand the psychological effects of the new technologies: (1) Special circumstances of parenting and birth will stimulate fantasies in parents and children, which in turn influence the child's personality and identity; (2) Human parenting does not require a biological connection; nonbiological parents can be equally effective nurturers; (3) Good parenting involves a psychological interaction beginning at birth, so that early and permanent opportunity for attachment is important for normal development; (4) New technologies relieve the psychological pain of infertility and provide benefit by giving some individuals the opportunity to be parents. The psychology of surrogate mothers is also discussed.
（1）养育和出生的特殊情况会激发父母和孩子的幻想，进而影响孩子的个性和身份认同；（2）人类养育并不需要生物学上的联系；非亲生父母也可以同样有效地承担养育责任；（3）良好的养育涉及从出生就开始的心理互动，因此早期和持久的依恋机会对正常发育很重要；（4）新技术减轻了不孕不育带来的心理痛苦，并通过给一些人成为父母的机会而带来益处。文中还讨论了代孕母亲的心理。
