Gilardi Giovanna, Chitarra Walter, Moine Amedeo, Mezzalama Monica, Boccacci Paolo, Pugliese Massimo, Gullino Maria Lodovica, Gambino Giorgio
Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy.
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy.
Hortic Res. 2020 Nov 1;7(1):188. doi: 10.1038/s41438-020-00413-x.
Grapevine may be affected simultaneously by several pathogens whose complex interplay is largely unknown. We studied the effects of infection by two grapevine viruses on powdery mildew and downy mildew development and the molecular modifications induced in grapevines by their multiple interactions. Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) were transmitted by in vitro-grafting to Vitis vinifera cv Nebbiolo and Chardonnay virus-free plantlets regenerated by somatic embryogenesis. Grapevines were then artificially inoculated in the greenhouse with either Plasmopara viticola or Erysiphe necator spores. GFLV-infected plants showed a reduction in severity of the diseases caused by powdery and downy mildews in comparison to virus-free plants. GFLV induced the overexpression of stilbene synthase genes, pathogenesis-related proteins, and influenced the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in grapevine. These transcriptional changes suggest improved innate plant immunity, which makes the GFLV-infected grapevines less susceptible to other biotic attacks. This, however, cannot be extrapolated to GRSPaV as it was unable to promote protection against the fungal/oomycete pathogens. In these multiple interactions, the grapevine genotype seemed to have a crucial role: in 'Nebbiolo', the virus-induced molecular changes were different from those observed in 'Chardonnay', suggesting that different metabolic pathways may be involved in protection against fungal/oomycete pathogens. These results indicate that complex interactions do exist between grapevine and its different pathogens and represent the first study on a topic that still is largely unexplored.
葡萄可能会同时受到几种病原体的影响，而它们之间复杂的相互作用在很大程度上尚不清楚。我们研究了两种葡萄病毒感染对白粉病和霜霉病发展的影响，以及它们的多重相互作用在葡萄中诱导的分子变化。通过体外嫁接将葡萄扇叶病毒（GFLV）和葡萄河岸茎痘相关病毒（GRSPaV）传播到通过体细胞胚胎发生再生的无病毒的酿酒葡萄品种内比奥罗和霞多丽植株上。然后在温室中用葡萄生单轴霉或葡萄白粉菌的孢子对葡萄进行人工接种。与无病毒植株相比，感染GFLV的植株由白粉病和霜霉病引起的病害严重程度降低。GFLV诱导了芪合酶基因、病程相关蛋白的过表达，并影响了葡萄中参与碳水化合物代谢的基因。这些转录变化表明植物的固有免疫力得到了提高，这使得感染GFLV的葡萄对其他生物攻击的敏感性降低。然而，这不能外推到GRSPaV，因为它无法促进对真菌/卵菌病原体的抗性。在这些多重相互作用中，葡萄基因型似乎起着关键作用：在“内比奥罗”中，病毒诱导的分子变化与在“霞多丽”中观察到的不同，这表明不同的代谢途径可能参与了对真菌/卵菌病原体的抗性。这些结果表明葡萄与其不同病原体之间确实存在复杂的相互作用，并且代表了对一个仍在很大程度上未被探索的主题的首次研究。
