Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
Department of Psychology, Biola University, La Mirada, California, USA.
J Clin Psychol. 2021 Apr;77(4):865-883. doi: 10.1002/jclp.23097. Epub 2020 Dec 17.
The Enneagram is a typology that many clients use to understand their personality and interpersonal patterns, despite some concerns about its validity. Thus, the purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive and clinician-friendly review of the extant empirical work on the Enneagram. After reviewing 104 independent samples, we found mixed evidence of reliability and validity. In terms of strengths, some factor analytic work has shown partial alignment with prior theorizing, and subscales show theory-consistent relationships with other constructs such as the Big 5. Also, several studies found the Enneagram was helpful for personal/spiritual growth. However, factor analytic work has typically found fewer than nine factors, and no work has used clustering techniques to derive the nine types. Also, there is little research supporting secondary aspects of Enneagram theory, such as wings and intertype movement. We conclude by highlighting directions for future research and implications for clinical practice.
九型人格是一种类型学，许多客户用它来了解自己的个性和人际关系模式，尽管人们对其有效性存在一些担忧。因此，本综述的目的是对九型人格的现有实证研究进行全面和临床友好的综述。在回顾了 104 个独立样本后，我们发现可靠性和有效性的证据参差不齐。在优势方面，一些因素分析工作显示出与先前理论的部分一致性，并且分量表与其他结构（如大五人格）显示出理论一致的关系。此外，几项研究发现九型人格有助于个人/精神成长。然而，因素分析工作通常发现少于九个因素，并且没有研究使用聚类技术来得出九个类型。此外，几乎没有研究支持九型人格理论的次要方面，例如翅膀和类型间运动。我们最后强调了未来研究的方向和对临床实践的影响。
