Wang Gang, Yu Minghao, Feng Xinliang
Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
Chem Soc Rev. 2021 Feb 21;50(4):2388-2443. doi: 10.1039/d0cs00187b. Epub 2020 Dec 21.
The ever-increasing energy demand motivates the pursuit of inexpensive, safe, scalable, and high-performance rechargeable batteries. Carbon materials have been intensively investigated as electrode materials for various batteries on account of their resource abundance, low cost, nontoxicity, and diverse electrochemistry. Taking use of the reversible donor-type cation intercalation/de-intercalation (including Li, Na, and K) at low redox potentials, carbon materials can serve as ideal anodes for 'Rocking-Chair' alkali metal-ion batteries. Meanwhile, acceptor-type intercalation of anions into graphitic carbon materials has also been revealed to be a facile, reversible process at high redox potentials. Based on anion-intercalation graphitic carbon materials, a number of dual-ion battery and Al-ion battery technologies are experiencing booming development. In this review, we summarize the significant advances of carbon materials in terms of the porous structure, chemical composition, and interlayer spacing control. Fundamental mechanisms of carbon materials as the cation host and anion host are further revisited by elaborating the electrochemistry, intercalant effect, and intercalation form. Subsequently, the recent progress in the development of novel carbon nanostructures and carbon-derived energy storage devices is presented with particular emphasis on correlating the structures with electrochemical properties as well as assessing the device configuration, electrochemical reaction, and performance metric. Finally, perspectives on the remaining challenges are provided, which will accelerate the development of new carbon material concepts and carbon-derived battery technologies towards commercial implementation.
不断增长的能源需求推动了对廉价、安全、可扩展且高性能的可充电电池的追求。碳材料因其资源丰富、成本低、无毒以及多样的电化学性质，已被广泛研究作为各种电池的电极材料。利用在低氧化还原电位下可逆的供体型阳离子嵌入/脱嵌（包括锂、钠和钾），碳材料可作为“摇椅式”碱金属离子电池的理想负极。同时，在高氧化还原电位下，阴离子嵌入石墨碳材料的受体型嵌入也被证明是一个容易的、可逆的过程。基于阴离子嵌入的石墨碳材料，许多双离子电池和铝离子电池技术正经历蓬勃发展。在这篇综述中，我们从多孔结构、化学成分和层间距控制方面总结了碳材料的重大进展。通过阐述电化学、嵌入剂效应和嵌入形式，进一步重新审视了碳材料作为阳离子主体和阴离子主体的基本机制。随后，介绍了新型碳纳米结构和碳基储能器件开发的最新进展，特别强调将结构与电化学性质相关联，以及评估器件配置、电化学反应和性能指标。最后，提供了对剩余挑战的展望，这将加速新的碳材料概念和碳基电池技术向商业应用的发展。
