Manuel Quej-Ake Luis, Noé Rivera-Olvera Jesús, Rosario Domínguez-Aguilar Yureel Del, Ariadna Avelino-Jiménez Itzel, Vicente Garibay-Febles, Icoquih Zapata-Peñasco
Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, San Bartolo Atepehuacan, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México C.P.07730, Mexico.
Tecnológico Nacional de México, Campus Ixtapaluca, TESI, Km. 7 de la Carretera Ixtapaluca-Coatepec s/n, Ixtapaluca, Estado de México C.P.56580, Mexico.
Materials (Basel). 2020 Dec 17;13(24):5771. doi: 10.3390/ma13245771.
The review presented herein is regarding the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) phenomena of carbon steel pipelines affected by the corrosive electrolytes that comes from external (E) and internal (I) environments, as well as the susceptibility and tensile stress on the SCC. Some useful tools are presented including essential aspects for determining and describing the E-SCC and I-SCC in oil and gas pipelines. Therefore, this study aims to present a comprehensive and critical review of a brief experimental summary, and a comparison of physicochemical, mechanical, and electrochemical data affecting external and internal SCC in carbon steel pipelines exposed to corrosive media have been conducted. The SCC, hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), hydrogen embrittlement, and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) are attributed to the pH, and to hydrogen becoming more corrosive by combining external and internal sources promoting cracking, such as sulfide compounds, acidic soils, acidic atmospheric compounds, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, organic acids (acetic acid, mainly), bacteria induced corrosion, cathodic polarization, among others. SCC growth is a reaction between the microstructural, chemical, and mechanical effects and it depends on the external and internal environmental sources promoting unpredictable cracks and fractures. In some cases, E-SCC could be initiated by hydrogen that comes from the over-voltage during the cathodic protection processes. I-SCC could be activated by over-operating pressure and temperature at flowing media during the production, gathering, storage and transportation of wet hydrocarbons through pipelines. The mechanical properties related to I-SCC were higher in comparison with those reviewed by E-SCC, suggesting that pipelines suffer more susceptibility to I-SCC. When a pipeline is designed, the internal fluid being transported (changes of environments) and the external environment concerning SCC should be considered. This review offers a good starting point for newcomers into the field, it is written as a tutorial, and covers a large number of basic standards in the area.
本文所呈现的综述涉及受来自外部（E）和内部（I）环境的腐蚀性电解质影响的碳钢管道的应力腐蚀开裂（SCC）现象，以及SCC的敏感性和拉应力。文中介绍了一些有用的工具，包括确定和描述油气管道中E-SCC和I-SCC的基本方面。因此，本研究旨在对简要的实验总结进行全面且批判性的综述，并对暴露于腐蚀性介质中的碳钢管道的外部和内部SCC所涉及的物理化学、机械和电化学数据进行比较。SCC、氢致开裂（HIC）、氢脆和硫化物应力开裂（SSC）归因于pH值，以及通过结合外部和内部促进开裂的源（如硫化物化合物、酸性土壤、酸性大气化合物、盐酸、硫酸、氢氧化钠、有机酸（主要是乙酸）、细菌诱导腐蚀、阴极极化等）使氢的腐蚀性增强。SCC的扩展是微观结构、化学和机械效应之间的反应，它取决于促进不可预测的裂纹和断裂的外部和内部环境源。在某些情况下，E-SCC可能由阴极保护过程中过电压产生的氢引发。I-SCC可能在湿烃通过管道进行生产、收集、储存和运输期间，因流动介质中的操作压力和温度过高而被激活。与E-SCC相比，与I-SCC相关的机械性能更高，这表明管道对I-SCC更敏感。在设计管道时，应考虑所输送的内部流体（环境变化）以及与SCC相关的外部环境。本综述为该领域的新手提供了一个良好的起点，它以教程的形式编写，涵盖了该领域的大量基本标准。
