Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
J Invertebr Pathol. 2021 Nov;186:107524. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107524. Epub 2020 Dec 24.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) consist of various categories of safeguarded areas in the marine environment, from semi-protected areas to total no take zones. The reported effects of MPAs are overwhelmingly positive, with numerous reports of fish size (biomass), abundance (recovery) and diversity increases, however, literature is lacking on the role and consequences of MPAs on parasite and disease dynamics, and in particular, invertebrate health. The implementation of MPAs has been known to alter trophic cascades and community dynamics, and with invertebrates commonly at the base of these systems, it is vital that their status is investigated. Overcrowding in areas closed to fishing is known to have parasitological consequences in some scenarios, and land/water use change has been known to alter host and vector communities, possibly elevating disease risk. Equally, reserves can be used as tools for alleviating impacts of marine disease. This review aims to consolidate extant literature and provide a comprehensive viewpoint on how invertebrates (and their health status) can be affected by MPAs, which are increasingly being implemented based on the relative urgency now being placed on protecting global biodiversity. In highlighting the paucity of knowledge surrounding MPAs and disease, especially that of the unenigmatic invertebrate groups, this review, published in the Special Issue on 'Invertebrates as One Health Sentinels', provides an opportunity for wide dissemination and provocation of further research in this area.
海洋保护区（MPAs）包括海洋环境中各种保护区域，从半保护区到全面禁渔区。MPAs 的报告效果绝大多数是积极的，有大量关于鱼类大小（生物量）、丰度（恢复）和多样性增加的报告，然而，关于 MPA 对寄生虫和疾病动态的作用和后果，特别是无脊椎动物健康的文献却很少。MPA 的实施已知会改变营养级联和群落动态，而无脊椎动物通常处于这些系统的基础，因此调查它们的状况至关重要。在某些情况下，已知禁止捕捞的区域过度拥挤会产生寄生虫学后果，土地/水的利用变化已知会改变宿主和媒介群落，可能会增加疾病风险。同样，保护区可以用作减轻海洋疾病影响的工具。本综述旨在整合现有文献，并提供一个全面的观点，说明无脊椎动物（及其健康状况）如何受到 MPA 的影响，由于现在越来越需要保护全球生物多样性，因此 MPA 的实施也越来越多。本综述发表在“无脊椎动物作为健康哨兵”专刊上，强调了 MPA 和疾病（特别是神秘莫测的无脊椎动物群体）方面知识的匮乏，为该领域的广泛传播和进一步研究提供了机会。
