Kirwan C Brock, Bjornn Daniel K, Anderson Bonnie Brinton, Vance Anthony, Eargle David, Jenkins Jeffrey L
Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.
Front Psychol. 2020 Dec 7;11:528079. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.528079. eCollection 2020.
Computer users are often the last line of defense in computer security. However, with repeated exposures to system messages and computer security warnings, neural and behavioral responses show evidence of habituation. Habituation has been demonstrated at a neural level as repetition suppression where responses are attenuated with subsequent repetitions. In the brain, repetition suppression to visual stimuli has been demonstrated in multiple cortical areas, including the occipital lobe and medial temporal lobe. Prior research into the repetition suppression effect has generally focused on a single repetition and has not examined the pattern of signal suppression with repeated exposures. We used complex, everyday stimuli, in the form of images of computer programs or security warning messages, to examine the repetition suppression effect across repeated exposures. The use of computer warnings as stimuli also allowed us to examine the activation of learned fearful stimuli. We observed widespread linear decreases in activation with repeated exposures, suggesting that repetition suppression continues after the first repetition. Further, we found greater activation for warning messages compared to neutral images in the anterior insula, pre-supplemental motor area, and inferior frontal gyrus, suggesting differential processing of security warning messages. However, the repetition suppression effect was similar in these regions for both warning messages and neutral images. Additionally, we observed an increase of activation in the default mode network with repeated exposures, suggestive of increased mind wandering with continuing habituation.
计算机用户往往是计算机安全的最后一道防线。然而，随着反复接触系统消息和计算机安全警告，神经和行为反应显示出习惯化的迹象。习惯化在神经层面表现为重复抑制，即随着后续重复，反应会减弱。在大脑中，对视觉刺激的重复抑制已在多个皮质区域得到证实，包括枕叶和内侧颞叶。先前对重复抑制效应的研究通常集中在单次重复上，并未考察反复接触时信号抑制的模式。我们使用计算机程序图像或安全警告消息形式的复杂日常刺激，来研究反复接触时的重复抑制效应。将计算机警告用作刺激还使我们能够考察习得性恐惧刺激的激活情况。我们观察到随着反复接触，激活广泛线性下降，这表明重复抑制在首次重复后仍会持续。此外，我们发现与中性图像相比，前脑岛、补充运动前区和额下回中的警告消息激活程度更高，这表明对安全警告消息的处理存在差异。然而，警告消息和中性图像在这些区域的重复抑制效应相似。此外，我们观察到随着反复接触，默认模式网络的激活增加，这表明随着持续习惯化，思维游荡增加。
