Nguyen Mi T, Allemann Lukas, Ziemba Christopher, Larive Odile, Morgenroth Eberhard, Julian Timothy R
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Nguyen Tat Thanh Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Front Environ Sci. 2017 Dec 19;5:90. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2017.00090.
The Blue Diversion AUTARKY Toilet is a urine-diverting toilet with on-site treatment. The toilet is being developed to provide a safe and affordable sanitation technology for people who lack access to sewer-based sanitation. Water used for personal hygiene, hand washing, and flushing to rinse urine- and feces-collection bowls is treated, stored, and recycled for reuse to reduce reliance on external water supplies. The system provides an opportunity to investigate hygiene of water for reuse following treatment. Treatment in the toilet includes a Biologically Activated Membrane Bioreactor (BAMBi) followed by a secondary treatment technology. To identify effective secondary treatment, three options, including granular activated carbon (GAC) only, GAC+chlorine (sodium hypochlorite), and GAC+electrolysis are considered based on the bacterial inactivation and growth inhibition efficiency. Four different hygiene-relevant bacteria are tested: , and . Our evaluation demonstrates that-despite treatment of water with the BAMBi-. , and have the potential to grow during storage in the absence of microbial competition. Including the indigenous microbial community influences bacterial growth in different ways: growth decreases but growth increases relative to no competition. The addition of the secondary treatment options considerably improves water quality. A column of GAC after the BAMBi reduces growth potential by 2 log, likely due to the reduction of carbon sources. Additional treatments including chlorination and electrolysis provide further safety margins, with more than 5 log- inactivation of . However, reactivation and/or regrowth of and occurs under in the absence of residual disinfectant. Treatment including the BAMBi, GAC, and electrolysis appear to be promising technologies to control bacterial growth during storage in water intended for reuse.
蓝色分流自给自足马桶是一种具备现场处理功能的尿液分流马桶。该马桶旨在为无法使用下水道卫生设施的人群提供一种安全且经济实惠的卫生技术。用于个人卫生、洗手以及冲洗尿液和粪便收集碗的水经过处理、储存和循环再利用，以减少对外部供水的依赖。该系统为研究处理后回用水的卫生状况提供了契机。马桶内的处理过程包括一个生物活化膜生物反应器（BAMBi），随后是二级处理技术。为确定有效的二级处理方法，基于细菌灭活和生长抑制效率，考虑了三种选择，即仅使用颗粒活性炭（GAC）、GAC+氯（次氯酸钠）以及GAC+电解。测试了四种与卫生相关的不同细菌： 、 和 。我们的评估表明，尽管使用BAMBi对水进行了处理，但在没有微生物竞争的情况下储存期间， 、 和 仍有生长的可能性。纳入本地微生物群落以不同方式影响细菌生长：相对于无竞争情况， 的生长减少，但 的生长增加。二级处理选项的添加显著改善了水质。BAMBi之后的一列GAC使 的生长潜力降低了2个对数，这可能是由于碳源减少所致。包括氯化和电解在内的额外处理提供了更高的安全边际，对 的灭活超过5个对数。然而，在没有残留消毒剂的情况下， 和 会重新活化和/或再次生长。包括BAMBi、GAC和电解在内的处理似乎是控制储存用于再利用的水中细菌生长的有前景的技术。
