Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
Small. 2021 Jan;17(4):e2004988. doi: 10.1002/smll.202004988. Epub 2020 Dec 28.
High-sensitivity detection of minute quantities or concentration variations of analytes of clinical importance is critical for biosensing to ensure accurate disease diagnostics and reliable health monitoring. A variety of sensitivity-improving concepts have been proposed from chemical, physical, and biological perspectives. In this review, elements that are responsible for sensitivity enhancement are classified and discussed in accordance with their operating steps in a typical biosensing workflow that runs through sampling, analyte recognition, and signal transduction. With a focus on optical biosensing, exemplary sensitivity-improving strategies are introduced, which can be developed into "plug-and-play" modules for many current and future sensors, and discuss their mechanisms to enhance biosensing performance. Three major strategies are covered: i) amplification of signal transduction by polymerization and nanocatalysts, ii) diffusion-limit-breaking systems for enhancing sensor-analyte contact and subsequent analyte recognition by fluid-mixing and analyte-concentrating, and iii) combined approaches that utilize renal concentration at the sampling and recognition steps and chemical signal amplification at the signal transduction step.
高灵敏度检测临床相关分析物的微量或浓度变化对于生物传感至关重要，可确保准确的疾病诊断和可靠的健康监测。从化学、物理和生物学的角度已经提出了各种提高灵敏度的概念。在这篇综述中，根据典型生物传感工作流程（包括采样、分析物识别和信号转导）中的操作步骤，对负责提高灵敏度的要素进行了分类和讨论。本文重点介绍了光学生物传感，引入了示例性的灵敏度提高策略，这些策略可以开发成许多现有和未来传感器的“即插即用”模块，并讨论了它们提高生物传感性能的机制。涵盖了三大策略：i）通过聚合和纳米催化剂放大信号转导，ii）用于增强传感器-分析物接触和随后通过流体混合和分析物浓缩进行分析物识别的扩散限制突破系统，以及 iii）在采样和识别步骤利用肾浓集以及在信号转导步骤利用化学信号放大的组合方法。
