Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
Eur J Neurosci. 2021 Feb;53(3):902-915. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15100. Epub 2021 Jan 11.
Choosing cooperation or aggression relies on reciprocity preferences which refer to the tendency of an individual to return cooperative or aggressive action for cooperative or aggressive action (i.e., positive or negative reciprocity preference). The reciprocity preference is positively correlated with reciprocity expectation, wherein individuals with stronger reciprocity preferences may have higher expectations than future cooperative or aggressive behavior should be delivered by beneficiaries (positive reciprocity expectation) or victims (negative reciprocity expectation). Although previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of monetary payoffs enhances reciprocity preferences, the modulation of monetary payoffs in reciprocity expectations remains unclear. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we examined how monetary payoffs modulated reciprocity expectations by adopting the Chicken game. Participants were asked to choose between cooperation and aggression with a putative opponent in the Chicken game involving the monetary (vs. non-monetary) payoffs. Participants' electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded when they saw the opponent's cooperative or aggressive decision. Results showed that compared to the non-monetary payoff trials, the feedback-related negativity (FRN) effect in response to the opponent's decisions was stronger following the participant's aggressive decision in the monetary payoff trials, whereas P3 was insensitive to monetary payoffs. These findings suggest that monetary payoffs heighten expectations of negative reciprocity at the earlier and automatic outcome processing stage.
选择合作还是攻击取决于互惠偏好，它指的是个体倾向于对合作或攻击行为做出合作或攻击行为的趋势（即积极或消极的互惠偏好）。互惠偏好与互惠期望呈正相关，其中具有更强互惠偏好的个体可能比未来的合作或攻击行为的受益人（积极互惠期望）或受害者（消极互惠期望）预期更高的回报。尽管先前的研究表明货币报酬会增强互惠偏好，但互惠期望中货币报酬的调节仍不清楚。本研究使用事件相关电位（ERP），通过采用斗鸡博弈来检验货币报酬如何调节互惠期望。在涉及货币（而非非货币）报酬的斗鸡博弈中，参与者被要求在与假定对手之间进行合作或攻击的选择。当参与者看到对手的合作或攻击决策时，记录他们的脑电图（EEG）。结果表明，与非货币报酬试验相比，在货币报酬试验中，参与者做出攻击决策后，对对手决策的反馈相关负波（FRN）效应更强，而 P3 对货币报酬不敏感。这些发现表明，货币报酬会在早期和自动的结果处理阶段提高对消极互惠的期望。
