Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Feb 15;271:116394. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116394. Epub 2020 Dec 24.
Common plasticizers and their alternatives are environmentally ubiquitous and have become a global problem. In this study, common plasticizers (phthalates and metabolites) and new alternatives [bisphenol analogs, t-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP)] were quantified in urine and hair samples from children in Hong Kong, drinking water (tap water/bottled water) samples, and airborne particle samples from 17 kindergartens in Hong Kong. The results suggested that locally, children were exposed to various plasticizers and their alternatives. High concentrations of BPDP and BDP were present in urine, hair, tap water, bottled water, and air particulate samples. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of phthalate metabolites in urine samples (126-2140 ng/L, detection frequencies < 81%) were lower than those detected in Japanese and German children in previous studies. However, a comparison of the estimated daily intake values for phthalates in tap water [median: 10.7-115 ng/kg body weight bw/day] and air particles (median: 1.23-7.39 ng/kg bw/day) with the corresponding reference doses indicated no risk. Bisphenol analogs were detected in 15-64% of urine samples at GM concentrations of 5.26-98.1 ng/L, in 7-74% of hair samples at GM concentrations of 57.5-2390 pg/g, in 59-100% of kindergarten air samples at GM concentrations of 43.1-222 pg/m, and in 33-100% of tap water samples at GM concentrations of 0.90-3.70 ng/L. A significant correlation was detected between the concentrations of bisphenol F in hair and urine samples (r = 0.489, p < .05). The estimated daily urinary excretion values of bisphenol analogs suggest that exposure among children via tap water intake and airborne particle inhalation in kindergartens cannot be ignored in Hong Kong.
常见的增塑剂及其替代品在环境中无处不在，已成为全球性问题。本研究在香港采集了儿童尿液和头发样本、饮用水（自来水/瓶装水）样本以及来自 17 家幼儿园的空气颗粒样本，同时检测了这些样本中的常见增塑剂（邻苯二甲酸酯及其代谢物）和新型替代品[双酚类似物、叔丁基苯基二苯基磷酸酯（BPDP）和双酚 A 双（二苯基磷酸酯）（BDP）]。结果表明，香港当地儿童接触了各种增塑剂及其替代品。BPDP 和 BDP 在尿液、头发、自来水、瓶装水和空气颗粒样本中含量较高。尿液样本中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的几何平均值（GM）浓度（126-2140ng/L，检测频率<81%）低于此前日本和德国儿童的检测结果。然而，自来水中（中位数：10.7-115ng/kg 体重 bw/天）和空气中（中位数：1.23-7.39ng/kg bw/天）的酞酸酯估计日摄入量与相应参考剂量相比，不存在风险。双酚类似物在 15-64%的尿液样本中检出，浓度范围为 5.26-98.1ng/L；在 7-74%的头发样本中检出，浓度范围为 57.5-2390pg/g；在 59-100%的幼儿园空气样本中检出，浓度范围为 43.1-222pg/m；在 33-100%的自来水中检出，浓度范围为 0.90-3.70ng/L。头发和尿液样本中双酚 F 的浓度存在显著相关性（r=0.489，p<0.05）。双酚类似物的估计日尿液排泄值表明，香港儿童通过饮用自来水和在幼儿园吸入空气颗粒所导致的暴露不容忽视。
