Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldgrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK.
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021 Mar;121(3):707-719. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04584-2. Epub 2021 Jan 2.
Optimal strategies for enhancing strength and improving motor skills are vital in athletic performance and clinical rehabilitation. Initial increases in strength and the acquisition of new motor skills have long been attributed to neurological adaptations. However, early increases in strength may be predominantly due to improvements in inter-muscular coordination rather than the force-generating capacity of the muscle. Despite the plethora of research investigating neurological adaptations from motor skill or resistance training in isolation, little effort has been made in consolidating this research to compare motor skill and resistance training adaptations. The findings of this review demonstrated that motor skill and resistance training adaptations show similar short-term mechanisms of adaptations, particularly at a cortical level. Increases in corticospinal excitability and a release in short-interval cortical inhibition occur as a result of the commencement of both resistance and motor skill training. Spinal changes show evidence of task-specific adaptations from the acquired motor skill, with an increase or decrease in spinal reflex excitability, dependant on the motor task. An increase in synaptic efficacy of the reticulospinal projections is likely to be a prominent mechanism for driving strength adaptations at the subcortical level, though more research is needed. Transcranial electric stimulation has been shown to increase corticospinal excitability and augment motor skill adaptations, but limited evidence exists for further enhancing strength adaptations from resistance training. Despite the logistical challenges, future work should compare the longitudinal adaptations between motor skill and resistance training to further optimise exercise programming.
在运动表现和临床康复中，增强力量和改善运动技能的最佳策略至关重要。力量的最初增加和新运动技能的获得长期以来归因于神经适应。然而，早期力量的增加可能主要归因于肌肉间协调的改善，而不是肌肉产生力量的能力。尽管有大量研究单独调查运动技能或抗阻训练的神经适应，但很少有人努力将这些研究整合起来比较运动技能和抗阻训练的适应。这篇综述的研究结果表明，运动技能和抗阻训练的适应具有相似的短期适应机制，尤其是在皮质水平。由于抗阻和运动技能训练的开始，皮质脊髓兴奋性增加和短潜伏期皮质抑制释放。脊髓变化显示出从获得的运动技能中产生的特定任务适应的证据，脊髓反射兴奋性增加或减少，取决于运动任务。网状脊髓投射的突触效能增加可能是驱动亚皮质水平力量适应的主要机制，但需要更多的研究。经颅电刺激已被证明可以增加皮质脊髓兴奋性并增强运动技能适应，但关于进一步增强抗阻训练的力量适应的证据有限。尽管存在后勤挑战，但未来的工作应该比较运动技能和抗阻训练之间的纵向适应，以进一步优化运动方案。
