Mosselhy Dina A, Assad Mhd, Sironen Tarja, Elbahri Mady
Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
Microbiological Unit, Fish Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021 Jan 2;11(1):82. doi: 10.3390/nano11010082.
is a notorious pathogen that colonizes implants (orthopedic and breast implants) and wounds with a vicious resistance to antibiotic therapy. Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) is a catastrophe mainly restricted to hospitals and emerged to community reservoirs, acquiring resistance and forming biofilms. Treating biofilms is problematic except via implant removal or wound debridement. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers could combat superbugs and biofilms and rapidly diagnose MRSA. Nanotheranostics combine diagnostics and therapeutics into a single agent. This comprehensive review is interpretative, utilizing mainly recent literature (since 2016) besides the older remarkable studies sourced via Google Scholar and PubMed. We unravel the molecular resistance and complex biofilm. The diagnostic properties and detailed antibacterial and antibiofilm NP mechanisms are elucidated in exciting stories. We highlight the challenges of bacterial infections nanotheranostics. Finally, we discuss the literature and provide "three action appraisals". (i) The first appraisal consists of preventive actions (two wings), avoiding unnecessary hospital visits, hand hygiene, and legislations against over-the-counter antibiotics as the general preventive wing. Our second recommended preventive wing includes preventing the adverse side effects of the NPs from resistance and toxicity by establishing standard testing procedures. These standard procedures should provide breakpoints of bacteria's susceptibility to NPs and a thorough toxicological examination of every single batch of synthesized NPs. (ii) The second appraisal includes theranostic actions, using nanotheranostics to diagnose and treat MRSA, such as what we call "multifunctional theranostic nanofibers. (iii) The third action appraisal consists of collaborative actions.
是一种臭名昭著的病原体，它会定植于植入物（骨科和乳房植入物）和伤口，对抗生素治疗具有极强的耐药性。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）是一场主要局限于医院的灾难，现在已蔓延至社区环境，获得耐药性并形成生物膜。除了移除植入物或进行伤口清创术外，治疗生物膜存在问题。纳米颗粒（NPs）和纳米纤维可以对抗超级细菌和生物膜，并能快速诊断MRSA。纳米诊疗学将诊断和治疗功能整合到单一制剂中。本综述具有解释性，主要利用了近期文献（自2016年起），同时也参考了通过谷歌学术和PubMed获取的早期重要研究。我们揭示了分子耐药性和复杂的生物膜。在引人入胜的案例中阐明了诊断特性以及纳米颗粒详细的抗菌和抗生物膜机制。我们强调了纳米诊疗学在细菌感染方面面临的挑战。最后，我们讨论相关文献并提供“三项行动评估”。（i）第一项评估包括预防行动（两个方面），避免不必要的医院就诊、手部卫生以及针对非处方抗生素的立法，这是一般的预防方面。我们推荐的第二项预防方面包括通过建立标准检测程序来预防纳米颗粒因耐药性和毒性产生的不良副作用。这些标准程序应提供细菌对纳米颗粒敏感性的断点，并对每一批合成纳米颗粒进行全面的毒理学检查。（ii）第二项评估包括诊疗行动，使用纳米诊疗学来诊断和治疗MRSA，比如我们所说的“多功能诊疗纳米纤维”。（iii）第三项行动评估包括协作行动。
