Mickiewicz Marcin, Czopowicz Michał, Moroz Agata, Potărniche Adrian-Valentin, Szaluś-Jordanow Olga, Spinu Marina, Górski Paweł, Markowska-Daniel Iwona, Várady Marián, Kaba Jarosław
Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Law and Ethics, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
BMC Vet Res. 2021 Jan 7;17(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02721-9.
Helminthic infections, in particular those caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), are found worldwide and are among the most economically important diseases of goats. Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in GIN of goats is currently present worldwide, and single- or multidrug resistant species are widespread. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of AR to benzimidazoles (BZ), macrocyclic lactones (ML) and imidazothiazoles represented by levamisole (LEV) in the Polish goat herds by using an in vitro larval development test, which is useful especially in large-scale epidemiological surveys.
This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2018 to June 2019 and enrolled 42 dairy goat herds scattered over the entire country. The most commonly used anthelmintic class in goat herds in Poland were BZ (92%), followed by ML (85%) and LEV (13%). BZ-resistant GIN populations were found in 37 herds (88%, CI 95%: 75 to 95%), ML-resistant GIN populations in 40 herds (95%, CI 95, 84 to 99%), and LEV-resistant GIN populations in 5 herds (12%, CI 95%: 5 to 25%). Multidrug resistance involving all three anthelmintic classes was found in 5 herds (12%, CI 95, 5 to 25%). Based on the morphological features of stage 3 larvae the main resistant GIN turned out to be Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. The use of BZ and frequency of anthelmintic treatments were significantly related to the presence of AR to BZ in Polish goat herds.
This cross-sectional study demonstrates the existence of AR to BZ, ML and LEV on Polish goat farms. Resistance to BZ and ML is widespread, while AR to LEV is currently at a low level. A considerable proportion of herds harbours multidrug resistant GIN, which requires further consideration. An effective anthelmintic treatment strategy, reasonable preventive measures and better understanding of the resistance-related management practices by farmers and veterinarians may delay further development of AR.
蠕虫感染，尤其是由胃肠道线虫（GIN）引起的感染，在全球范围内均有发现，并且是山羊最重要的经济疾病之一。目前，全球范围内山羊的GIN均存在抗蠕虫药耐药性（AR），单药或多药耐药的种类广泛传播。本研究的目的是通过体外幼虫发育试验来确定波兰山羊群中对苯并咪唑（BZ）、大环内酯类（ML）以及以左旋咪唑（LEV）为代表的咪唑噻唑类药物的AR流行情况，该试验在大规模流行病学调查中尤其有用。
本横断面研究于2018年9月至2019年6月进行，纳入了分布在全国的42个奶山羊群。波兰山羊群中最常用的驱虫药类别是BZ（92%），其次是ML（85%）和LEV（13%）。在37个羊群中发现了对BZ耐药的GIN种群（88%，95%置信区间：75%至95%），40个羊群中发现了对ML耐药的GIN种群（95%，95%置信区间：84%至99%），5个羊群中发现了对LEV耐药的GIN种群（12%，95%置信区间：5%至25%）。在5个羊群中发现了涉及所有三种驱虫药类别的多药耐药情况（12%，95%置信区间：5%至25%）。根据三期幼虫的形态特征，主要的耐药GIN结果为捻转血矛线虫和毛圆线虫属。BZ的使用和驱虫治疗频率与波兰山羊群中对BZ的AR存在显著相关。
本横断面研究证明了波兰山羊养殖场存在对BZ、ML和LEV的AR。对BZ和ML的耐药性广泛存在，而对LEV的AR目前处于较低水平。相当一部分羊群存在多药耐药的GIN，这需要进一步关注。有效的驱虫治疗策略、合理的预防措施以及农民和兽医对耐药相关管理实践的更好理解可能会延缓AR的进一步发展。
