School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kisii University, Kenya.
Department of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Apr 20;766:144499. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144499. Epub 2020 Dec 24.
While the contamination of agroecosystems with pharmaceutical compounds has been reported, the fate of these compounds, particularly uptake into plants remains unclear. This lack of environmental fate data is evident for a critical class of pharmaceuticals, the antivirals and antiretrovirals (ARVDs). Thus, this study evaluated the root uptake of the antiretroviral compounds nevirapine, lamivudine and efavirenz, and the antiviral compound oseltamivir in lettuce. The lettuce was hydroponically grown in a nutrient solution containing the four ARVD pharmaceutical mixture in the 1-100 μg L concentration range. The measured bioaccumulation showed that efavirenz and lamivudine accumulated to the highest and lowest degree, at concentrations of 3463 ng g and 691 ng g respectively. The translocation factor between the root and leaf for nevirapine was greater than 1. The highest concentration of the pharmaceutical mixture had a physiological impact on the lettuce. Potential toxicity was evidenced by a statistically significant 34% (p = 0.04) mean reduction in root and leaf biomass in the 100 μg L ARVD mix exposed lettuce, compared with the controls. This study advances knowledge of the fate of ARVDs in agroecosystems, in particular, plant root - ARVD interaction and the resulting potentially toxic effects on plants.
尽管已经有报道称农业生态系统受到了药物化合物的污染，但这些化合物的命运，特别是进入植物体内的情况仍不清楚。对于一类关键的药物，即抗病毒药物和抗逆转录病毒药物（ARVDs），这种缺乏环境命运数据的情况尤为明显。因此，本研究评估了抗逆转录病毒化合物奈韦拉平、拉米夫定和依非韦伦，以及抗病毒化合物奥司他韦在生菜中的根系吸收情况。生菜在含有四种 ARVD 药物混合物的营养液中进行水培，浓度范围为 1-100μg/L。测量的生物积累表明，依非韦伦和拉米夫定的积累程度最高和最低，浓度分别为 3463ng/g 和 691ng/g。奈韦拉平在根和叶之间的转运因子大于 1。药物混合物的最高浓度对生菜产生了生理影响。暴露于 100μg/L ARVD 混合物的生菜的根和叶生物量分别显著减少了 34%（p=0.04），这表明存在潜在毒性。本研究增进了对 ARVD 在农业生态系统中的命运的了解，特别是植物根系与 ARVD 的相互作用以及由此对植物产生的潜在毒性影响。
