Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94E, 60-649, Poznań, Poland.
Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Krygowskiego 10, 61-680, Poznań, Poland.
Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 8;11(1):244. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80137-z.
The objective of this study was to analyse spatial variability of the trace elements (TEs) and rare earth elements (REEs) concentration in lake bottom sediments in Bory Tucholskie National Park (BTNP); Poland. The following research questions were posed: which factors have a fundamental impact on the concentration and spatial variability of elements in bottom sediments, which of the elements can be considered as indicators of natural processes and which are related to anthropogenic sources. The research material was sediments samples collected from 19 lakes. The concentrations of 24 TEs and 14 REEs were determined. The analyses were carried out using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-QQQ). Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to determine the spatial variability of the TEs and REEs concentrations, indicate the elements that are the indicators of natural processes and identify potential anthropogenic sources of pollution. The geochemical background value (GBV) calculations were made using 13 different statistical methods. However, the contamination of bottom sediments was evaluated by means of the index of geo-accumulation, the enrichment factor, the pollution load index, and the metal pollution index. The BTNP area is unique because of its isolation from the inflow of pollutants from anthropogenic sources and a very stable land use structure over the last 200 years. This study shows high variability of TE and REE concentrations in lake sediments. The values of geochemical indices suggest low pollution of lakes bottom sediments. It was found that TEs originated mainly from geogenic sources. However, the concentrations of Li, Ni, Sc, Se, Be, Se, Ag, Re, Tl, Cd, Sb and U may be related to the impact of point sources found mainly in the Ostrowite Lake. Almost all REEs concentrations were strongly correlated and their presence was linked to with geochemical processes. The elements allowing to identify natural processes and anthropogenic pollution sources were Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, Cd, Zn, Bi, Re, Ba, Al and Rb in TEs group and Nd, Gd, Yb, Lu, Eu, Dy and Ce in REEs group. The analysis shows high spatial variability of TE and REE concentrations in lake sediments. The values of geochemical indices point to low pollution of lakes sediments. The anthropogenic sources only for two lakes had an impact on concentrations of selected TEs and REEs. The analyses allowed to identify elements among TEs and REEs documenting geochemical processes and those indicating anthropogenic sources of pollution.
本研究的目的是分析 Bory Tucholskie 国家公园（波兰）湖泊底部沉积物中微量元素 (TEs) 和稀土元素 (REEs) 的空间变异性。提出了以下研究问题：哪些因素对底泥中元素的浓度和空间变异性有根本影响，哪些元素可以作为自然过程的指标，哪些与人为来源有关。研究材料为从 19 个湖泊采集的沉积物样本。测定了 24 种 TEs 和 14 种 REEs 的浓度。分析采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-QQQ）进行。聚类分析和主成分分析用于确定 TEs 和 REEs 浓度的空间变异性，指示自然过程的指标，并确定潜在的人为污染来源。使用 13 种不同的统计方法计算地球化学背景值（GBV）。然而，通过地积累指数、富集因子、污染负荷指数和金属污染指数来评估底泥的污染。Bory Tucholskie 国家公园地区由于其与人为污染源的污染物流入隔离，以及过去 200 年来非常稳定的土地利用结构，具有独特性。本研究表明，湖泊沉积物中 TEs 和 REEs 的浓度具有很高的变异性。地球化学指标的值表明湖泊底泥的污染程度较低。研究发现，TEs 主要来源于地球成因源。然而，Li、Ni、Sc、Se、Be、Se、Ag、Re、Tl、Cd、Sb 和 U 的浓度可能与主要在 Ostrowite 湖发现的点状源的影响有关。几乎所有 REEs 的浓度都呈强相关性，其存在与地球化学过程有关。在 TEs 组中，Cr、Co、Cu、Ag、Cd、Zn、Bi、Re、Ba、Al 和 Rb 以及在 REEs 组中，Nd、Gd、Yb、Lu、Eu、Dy 和 Ce 等元素可用于识别自然过程和人为污染源。该分析表明，湖泊沉积物中 TEs 和 REEs 的浓度具有很高的空间变异性。地球化学指标的值表明湖泊底泥的污染程度较低。只有两个湖泊的人为来源对某些 TEs 和 REEs 的浓度有影响。分析结果表明，在 TEs 和 REEs 中可以识别出记录地球化学过程的元素，以及指示人为污染来源的元素。
