Al-Ahmadi Reham Faraj, Al-Juffali Lobna, Al-Shanawani Sulafah, Ali Sheraz
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 42375, Riyadh 2663, Saudi Arabia.
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 26572, Riyadh 11496, Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Pharm J. 2020 Dec;28(12):1674-1685. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.10.014. Epub 2020 Nov 5.
Medication errors (MEs) in hospital settings are attributed to various factors including the human factors. Human factors researches are aiming to implement the knowledge regarding human nature and their interaction with surrounding equipment and environment to design efficient and safe systems. Human Factors Frameworks (HFF) developed awareness regarding main system's components that influence healthcare system and patients' safety. An in-depth evaluation of human factors contributing to medication errors in the hospital pharmacy is crucial to prevent such errors.
This study, therefore, aims to identify and categorize the human factors of MEs in hospital pharmacy using the Human Factors Framework (HFF).
A qualitative study conducted in King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data collection was carried out in two stages; the first stage was the semi-structured interview with the pharmacist or technician involved in the medication error. Then, occupational burnout and personal fatigue scores of participants were assessed. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis.
A total of 19 interviews were done with pharmacists and technicians. Themes were categorized using HFF into five categories; individual, organization and management, task, work, and team factors. Examples of these themes are poor staff competency, insufficient staff support, Lack of standardization, workload, and prescriber behaviour respectively. Scores of fatigue, work disengagement, and emotional exhaustion are correlating with medium fatigue, high work disengagement, and high emotional exhaustion, respectively.
The study provided a unique insight into the contributing factors to MEs in the hospital pharmacy. Emotional stress, lack of motivation, high workload, poor communication, and missed patient information on the information system, are examples of the human factors contributing to medication errors. Our study found that among those factors, organizational factors had a major contribution to medication safety and staff wellbeing.
医院环境中的用药错误（MEs）归因于多种因素，包括人为因素。人为因素研究旨在运用关于人性及其与周围设备和环境相互作用的知识来设计高效且安全的系统。人为因素框架（HFF）提高了对影响医疗系统和患者安全的主要系统组件的认识。深入评估导致医院药房用药错误的人为因素对于预防此类错误至关重要。
因此，本研究旨在使用人为因素框架（HFF）识别和分类医院药房用药错误的人为因素。
在沙特阿拉伯利雅得的沙特国王医疗城进行了一项定性研究。数据收集分两个阶段进行；第一阶段是对涉及用药错误的药剂师或技术人员进行半结构化访谈。然后，评估参与者的职业倦怠和个人疲劳得分。使用主题分析进行数据分析。
共对药剂师和技术人员进行了19次访谈。使用HFF将主题分为五类；个人、组织与管理、任务、工作和团队因素。这些主题的示例分别是员工能力差、员工支持不足、缺乏标准化、工作量和开处方者行为。疲劳、工作倦怠和情绪耗竭得分分别与中度疲劳、高度工作倦怠和高度情绪耗竭相关。
该研究为医院药房用药错误的促成因素提供了独特见解。情绪压力、缺乏动力、高工作量、沟通不畅以及信息系统中患者信息缺失，都是导致用药错误的人为因素示例。我们的研究发现，在这些因素中，组织因素对用药安全和员工福祉有重大影响。
