Water Quality Research Laboratory, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
Food Environ Virol. 2021 Jun;13(2):170-178. doi: 10.1007/s12560-020-09459-5. Epub 2021 Jan 11.
Wastewater effluents are a reliable water source for non-potable water reuse including unrestricted crop irrigation in arid regions suffering from water scarcity. This study was performed to develop and optimize a procedure to concentrate coliphages from 100 L of treated effluent. Moreover, the reduction of coliphages by filtration and disinfection by either chlorine or UV was compared with that of fecal coliform (FC). The adsorption efficiency of MS2 and Qβ coliphages by the NanoCeram filter was similar and reached 99.8%. Elution efficiency of MS2 coliphage from the NanoCeram filters by a solution of 1% NaPP and 0.05 M glycine, pH 9.5, was 74 ± 9.5%. The highest reconcentration efficiency of MS2 and Qβ coliphages was obtained with polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and reached 76 ± 28% and 90 ± 11%, respectively. In comparison, the reconcentration efficiency of organic flocculation was 0% and 1.3% for Qβ and MS2 coliphages, respectively. The overall recovery efficiency of MS2 coliphages from 100 L tertiary effluent was 57 ± 1.5%. Poor reduction was observed for coliphages compared to FC by filtration and chlorine disinfection although; the reduction of FC, as measured by cultivation, was satisfactory and within the guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. High correlation between the reduction of FC and coliphages was recorded for tertiary effluent disinfected by UV irradiation. Monitoring the microbial quality of tertiary effluent using qPCR for the enumeration of FC was found unsuitable, because DNA levels were unaffected by the treatment processes. The results of this study demonstrated that monitoring the microbial quality of tertiary effluent by FC may not reflect the health risks encountered by the application of these effluents and the addition of coliphages to the monitoring programs may allow for accurate assessment of the health risks introduced by the application of tertiary effluent.
污水是一种可靠的非饮用水水源，可用于包括在遭受水资源短缺的干旱地区进行无限制的农作物灌溉等非饮用用途。本研究旨在开发和优化一种从 100 升处理后的污水中浓缩噬菌体的程序。此外，还比较了过滤和氯或紫外线消毒对噬菌体和粪大肠菌群（FC）的去除效果。MS2 和 Qβ噬菌体在纳米陶瓷过滤器上的吸附效率相似，达到 99.8%。用 1%的 NaPP 和 0.05M 甘氨酸（pH9.5）溶液从纳米陶瓷过滤器中洗脱 MS2 噬菌体的洗脱效率为 74 ± 9.5%。使用聚乙二醇（PEG）沉淀获得的 MS2 和 Qβ噬菌体的最高浓缩效率分别为 76 ± 28%和 90 ± 11%。相比之下，有机絮凝的浓缩效率分别为 Qβ和 MS2 噬菌体的 0%和 1.3%。从 100 升三级出水获得的 MS2 噬菌体的总体回收率为 57 ± 1.5%。尽管通过过滤和氯消毒对噬菌体的去除效果较差，但与培养法测量的 FC 相比，其去除效果令人满意，并且符合无限制灌溉的指导方针。对经紫外线消毒的三级出水进行的 FC 和噬菌体的相关性研究表明，两者的相关性较高。使用 qPCR 对 FC 的数量进行监测以评估三级出水的微生物质量并不合适，因为 DNA 水平不受处理过程的影响。本研究结果表明，使用 FC 监测三级出水的微生物质量可能无法反映应用这些污水所带来的健康风险，将噬菌体纳入监测计划可能有助于准确评估应用三级出水所带来的健康风险。
