Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey.
Department of Medical Microbiology, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, İstanbul, Turkey.
Acta Trop. 2021 Apr;216:105827. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105827. Epub 2021 Jan 9.
Due to its geographical location, Muğla province is one of the most frequently used places by refugees. Although leishmaniasis have been previously reported in this region, there is a lack of information on the etiological agent and possible vectors. The main objectives of this study were; i) to investigate the sand fly fauna, ii) to reveal the natural Leishmania spp. infection in wild caught sand flies using molecular tools, and iii) to determine the annual seasonal dynamics of the sand flies in Muğla region. Totally, 2093 specimens belonging to 15 species [12 Phlebotomus, three Sergentomyia; 51 unidentified] were collected during the one-year (June 2016- June 2017) period. Of the collected sand flies, 1928 (92.12%) were caught by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps, while 165 (7.88%) of them were caught by sticky traps. Phlebotomus major sensu lato (s.l.), the potential vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in the Mediterranean and Aegean region, was detected in all sampling locations and found as the dominant taxon (n=1035; 49.45%) of the study area and followed by Phlebotomus tobbi (n=371; 17.72%). During the sampling period, sand fly activity was started in March and peaked in August. Sand fly population size reduced dramatically between mid-September and early October. The number of collected specimens was peaked in August, while there is only one sample collected both in November and March. The majority of the sand flies (78.66%) were collected at an altitude range of 200-400 m. Seventy-two monospecific pools were screened for the presence of Leishmania DNA by real time ITS1 PCR and 24 (nine P. major s.l., eight P. tobbi, two P. papatasi, two S. minuta, one P. alexandri, one P. similis, and one Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus spp.) of them (33.8%) were found positive (L. infantum, L. tropica, and L. major). To the best of our knowledge, the presence of fifteen sand fly species and their distribution, seasonal dynamics, molecular detection of Leishmania parasites in Muğla province was reported for the first time. The presence of vector species in the study area, appropriate temperature and humidity conditions, long sand fly activity season, and presence of Leishmania parasite suggests that there is a serious risk in the transmission of leishmaniasis in Muğla.
由于地理位置的原因，穆拉省是难民经常使用的地方之一。尽管该地区以前曾报告过利什曼病，但关于病原体和可能的媒介缺乏信息。本研究的主要目的是：i）调查沙蝇区系，ii）利用分子工具揭示野生捕获沙蝇中的天然利什曼原虫感染情况，iii）确定穆拉地区沙蝇的年度季节性动态。在为期一年（2016 年 6 月至 2017 年 6 月）期间共采集了 2093 只标本，属于 15 个物种[12 种 Phlebotomus、3 种 Sergentomyia；51 种未鉴定]。采集的沙蝇中，1928 只（92.12%）是用疾病控制中心（CDC）的诱捕器捕获的，而 165 只（7.88%）是用粘性诱捕器捕获的。在所有采样地点均检测到潜在的内脏利什曼病（VL）和犬利什曼病（CanL）媒介Phlebotomus major s.l.，并发现它是研究区域的优势分类群（n=1035；49.45%），其次是Phlebotomus tobbi（n=371；17.72%）。在采样期间，沙蝇活动于 3 月开始，8 月达到高峰。9 月中旬至 10 月初，沙蝇种群数量急剧减少。8 月采集的标本数量最多，而 11 月和 3 月只采集到一个样本。大多数沙蝇（78.66%）在海拔 200-400 米范围内采集。通过实时 ITS1 PCR 筛查了 72 个单种群，发现 24 个（9 个 P. major s.l.，8 个 P. tobbi，2 个 P. papatasi，2 个 S. minuta，1 个 P. alexandri，1 个 P. similis，1 个 Phlebotomus（Transphlebotomus spp.）为阳性（L. infantum、L. tropica 和 L. major）。据我们所知，这是首次在穆拉省报告了 15 种沙蝇及其分布、季节性动态、利什曼原虫寄生虫的分子检测。在研究区域发现了媒介物种的存在，适当的温度和湿度条件，长的沙蝇活动季节，以及利什曼原虫寄生虫的存在，表明在穆拉传播利什曼病的风险很大。
