Hussain Wajid, Ullah Muhammad Wajid, Farooq Umer, Aziz Ayesha, Wang Shenqi
Advanced Biomaterials & Tissues Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2021 Apr 1;177:112973. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.112973. Epub 2021 Jan 6.
Some bacterial species are deadly disease-causing pathogens with high morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. Key interfaces in the transmission of bacterial pathogens include food, water, dairy products, peridomestic animals, and human interplay. Early-stage detection of such bacteria is crucial in minimizing the risk of bacterial diseases and ensuring early diagnosis. Majority of the conventional microbiological and biochemical detection methods are laborious, require skilled individuals, and are not always accurate. Various molecular diagnostic tools and assays, utilizing sensitive and specific biorecognition elements, such as enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids, have been developed and widely used for the detection of pathogenic bacteria. An ideal biorecognition element for the detection of pathogens should be highly specific, stable, sensitive, selective, rapid, easily available, and cost-effective. Bacteriophages, which meet such prerequisites, may be used as biorecognition element alternatives to the currently available molecular probes in the development of cost-effective, specific, quick, sensitive, and reliable platforms (sensors and assays) for the detection of bacterial pathogens. This review details bacteriophage biology and various recognition sites and receptor-binding proteins on the surfaces of tailed phages, which can be used as the recognition sites for specific bacterial detection. It highlights structures and receptors on the surface of bacteria for binding and attachment of specific phages. These features of bacteria and phages provide a basis for establishing methodologies for phage-based bacterial detection, including phage-induced bacterial lysis, phages immobilized on a transducer surface, fluorescently labelled phages, phage-conjugated quantum dots, and recombinant reporter phages, particularly monitored through optical and electrochemical transducer systems.
一些细菌物种是致命的致病病原体，在全球范围内对人类的发病率和死亡率都很高。细菌病原体传播的关键界面包括食物、水、乳制品、家畜和人类之间的相互作用。尽早检测出此类细菌对于将细菌性疾病的风险降至最低并确保早期诊断至关重要。大多数传统的微生物学和生化检测方法都很繁琐，需要技术熟练的人员，而且并不总是准确的。利用酶、抗体和核酸等敏感且特异的生物识别元件，已经开发出各种分子诊断工具和检测方法，并广泛用于病原菌的检测。用于检测病原体的理想生物识别元件应具有高度特异性、稳定性、敏感性、选择性、快速性、易于获取且具有成本效益。满足这些先决条件的噬菌体可作为生物识别元件替代品，用于开发具有成本效益、特异性、快速、灵敏且可靠的平台（传感器和检测方法）来检测细菌病原体。这篇综述详细介绍了噬菌体生物学以及尾噬菌体表面的各种识别位点和受体结合蛋白，这些可作为特异性细菌检测的识别位点。它强调了细菌表面用于特定噬菌体结合和附着的结构和受体。细菌和噬菌体的这些特性为建立基于噬菌体的细菌检测方法提供了基础，包括噬菌体诱导的细菌裂解、固定在换能器表面的噬菌体、荧光标记的噬菌体、噬菌体缀合的量子点以及重组报告噬菌体，特别是通过光学和电化学换能器系统进行监测。
