Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 May 1;767:144286. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144286. Epub 2021 Jan 4.
Ecosystems are facing increased pressure due to the emission of many classes of emerging contaminants. However, very little is known about the interactions of these pollutants, such as bisphenols (BPs), plasticizers or pharmaceuticals. By employing bioluminescent bacteria (Microtox assay), we were able to define interactions between selected emerging pollutants (namely BPA, BPS, BPF, BADGE, BADGE·2HCl, DEP, DBP) in ternary mixtures, at environmentally relevant concentration levels (down to as low as 1.89, 1.42, 3.08, and 0.326 μM for, respectively, BPA, BPF, BPS and BADGE·2HCl). We provide the first systematic analysis of bisphenols and phthalates in three component mixtures. Using this system, we performed toxicity modelling with concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) approaches, followed by data interpretation using Model Deviation Ratio (MDR) evaluation. Interestingly, we mathematically and experimentally confirmed a novel synergy between BPA, BADGE and BADGE·2HCl. The synergy of BPA, BADGE and BADGE·2HCl is distinct, with both models suggesting these analytes have a similar mode of action (MOA). Moreover, we unexpectedly found a strong antagonistic impact with DEP, in mixtures containing BPA and BADGE analogues, which is confirmed with both mathematical models. Our study also shows that the impact of BPS and BPF in many mixtures is highly concentration dependent, justifying the necessity to perform mixture studies using wide concentration ranges. Overall, this study demonstrates that bioluminescent bacteria are a relevant model for detecting the synergistic and antagonist actions of environmental pollutants in mixtures, and highlights the importance of analyzing combinations of pollutants in higher order mixtures.
由于许多类新兴污染物的排放，生态系统面临着越来越大的压力。然而，人们对这些污染物的相互作用知之甚少，例如双酚（BPs）、增塑剂或药物。通过使用生物发光细菌（Microtox 测定法），我们能够在环境相关浓度水平（低至 1.89、1.42、3.08 和 0.326 μM，分别为 BPA、BPF、BPS 和 BADGE·2HCl）下定义选定的新兴污染物（即 BPA、BPF、BPS 和 BADGE·2HCl）在三元混合物中的相互作用。我们提供了双酚和邻苯二甲酸酯在三种成分混合物中的首次系统分析。使用该系统，我们使用浓度加和（CA）和独立作用（IA）方法进行毒性建模，然后使用模型偏差比（MDR）评估进行数据解释。有趣的是，我们从数学和实验上证实了 BPA、BADGE 和 BADGE·2HCl 之间存在新的协同作用。BPA、BADGE 和 BADGE·2HCl 的协同作用是独特的，两种模型都表明这些分析物具有相似的作用模式（MOA）。此外，我们出人意料地发现 DEP 在含有 BPA 和 BADGE 类似物的混合物中具有强烈的拮抗作用，这两种数学模型都证实了这一点。我们的研究还表明，BPS 和 BPF 在许多混合物中的影响高度依赖于浓度，这证明了在宽浓度范围内进行混合物研究的必要性。总的来说，这项研究表明，生物发光细菌是检测混合物中环境污染物协同和拮抗作用的相关模型，并强调了在更高阶混合物中分析污染物组合的重要性。
