Comparison of transgenerational reproductive toxicity induced by pristine and amino modified nanoplastics in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Certain modifications can aggravate the toxicity of nanoplastics. However, the influence of surface amino modification on transgenerational impairment induced by nanoplastics remains largely unclear. Pristine nanopolystyrene (NPS) and amino modified NPS (NPS-NH) were used to determine their transgenerational toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Exposure to 100 μg/L pristine NPS in parents (P0) cause a decrease in reproductive capacity in the F1-F3 generations and the damage on gonad development in the F1-F2 generations. In contrast, exposure to 10 μg/L NPS-NH caused toxicity on reproductive capacity and gonad development in the F1 generation. The toxic effects of NPS-NH on reproductive capacity and gonad development in the F1-F3 generations were more severe than those of pristine NPS. Moreover, amino modification could increase transgenerational toxicity of NPS in inducing apoptosis of germline and in affecting expressions of ced-1, ced-4, and ced-9. Our data demonstrate that surface modification of NPS with amino groups enhances transgenerational reproductive toxicity of NPS in C. elegans.