Benefits of resistant starch type 2 for patients with end-stage renal disease under maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Resistant starch type 2 (RS2) has been documented to regulate gut microbiota and to improve the clinical outcomes of several diseases. However, whether RS2 may benefit patients with end-stage renal disease under maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) remains unknown. We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Adult patients receiving MHD were treated with RS2 (CRD42020160332). The primary outcomes were changes of uremic toxins, and the secondary outcomes were changes of inflammatory indicators, albumin and phosphorus. After screening 65 records, five RCTs (n = 179) were included. A significant decrease of blood urea nitrogen (weighted mean difference (WMD) = -6.91, 95% CI: -11.87 to -1.95, = 0% = 0.006), serum creatinine (WMD = -1.11, 95% CI: -2.18 to -0.05, = 44%, = 0.04) and interleukin (IL)-6 in blood (standard mean difference (SMD) = -1.08, 95% CI: -1.64 to -0.53, = 35%, = 0.0001) was revealed in the RS2 group. Analyses of blood levels of uric acid, p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate, high sensitive C-reaction protein, albumin and phosphorus yielded no significant difference. Our results suggest that RS2 may improve the residual renal function of patients under MHD and mitigate a proinflammatory response.