Department of Medical Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2021 Jan 8;16:161-184. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S288236. eCollection 2021.
The emergence of nanotechnology as a key enabling technology over the past years has opened avenues for new and innovative applications in nanomedicine. From the business aspect, the nanomedicine market was estimated to worth USD 293.1 billion by 2022 with a perception of market growth to USD 350.8 billion in 2025. Despite these opportunities, the underlying challenges for the future of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in nanomedicine research became a significant obstacle in bringing ENMs into clinical stages. These challenges include the capability to design bias-free methods in evaluating ENMs' toxicity due to the lack of suitable detection and inconsistent characterization techniques. Therefore, in this literature review, the state-of-the-art of engineered nanomaterials in nanomedicine, their toxicology issues, the working framework in developing a toxicology benchmark and technical characterization techniques in determining the toxicity of ENMs from the reported literature are explored.
近年来，纳米技术作为一项关键的使能技术而崭露头角，为纳米医学中的新的创新应用开辟了道路。从商业角度来看，纳米医学市场预计到 2022 年将达到 2931.5 亿美元，预计到 2025 年将增长到 3508.0 亿美元。尽管存在这些机遇，但在将工程纳米材料（ENMs）引入临床阶段方面，纳米医学研究中未来的工程纳米材料（ENMs）所面临的潜在挑战仍然是一个重大障碍。这些挑战包括由于缺乏合适的检测和不一致的特性化技术，因此在评估 ENMs 毒性方面设计无偏差方法的能力。因此，在这篇文献综述中，探讨了纳米医学中工程纳米材料的最新技术、它们的毒理学问题、开发毒理学基准的工作框架以及从已报道文献中确定 ENMs 毒性的技术特性化技术。
