Palombo Matthew, Deshmukh Manjeet, Myers Daniel, Gao Jieming, Szekely Zoltan, Sinko Patrick J
School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; email:
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;54:581-98. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134615. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
Novel engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are being developed to enhance therapy. The physicochemical properties of ENMs can be manipulated to control/direct biodistribution and target delivery, but these alterations also have implications for toxicity. It is well known that size plays a significant role in determining ENM effects since simply nanosizing a safe bulk material can render it toxic. However, charge, shape, rigidity, and surface modifications also have a significant influence on the biodistribution and toxicity of nanoscale drug delivery systems (NDDSs). In this review, NDDSs are considered in terms of platform technologies, materials, and physical properties that impart their pharmaceutical and toxicological effects. Moving forward, the development of safe and effective nanomedicines requires standardized protocols for determining the physical characteristics of ENMs as well as assessing their potential long-term toxicity. When such protocols are established, the remarkable promise of nanomedicine to improve the diagnosis and treatment of human disease can be fulfilled.
新型工程纳米材料（ENM）正在被研发以增强治疗效果。可以对ENM的物理化学性质进行操控，以控制/引导生物分布和靶向递送，但这些改变也会对毒性产生影响。众所周知，尺寸在决定ENM效应方面起着重要作用，因为仅仅将一种安全的块状材料纳米化就可能使其具有毒性。然而，电荷、形状、刚性和表面修饰对纳米级药物递送系统（NDDS）的生物分布和毒性也有重大影响。在这篇综述中，将从赋予其药物和毒理学效应的平台技术、材料和物理性质方面来考虑NDDS。展望未来，安全有效的纳米药物的开发需要用于确定ENM物理特性以及评估其潜在长期毒性的标准化方案。当建立起这样的方案时，纳米医学改善人类疾病诊断和治疗的巨大前景就能实现。
