Jones Susan S, Hong Hye-Won
Department of Psychology Indiana University.
Infancy. 2001 Jul;2(3):353-370. doi: 10.1207/S15327078IN0203_4. Epub 2001 Jul 1.
Playing infants often direct smiling looks toward social partners. In some cases the smile begins before the look, so it cannot be a response to the sight or behavior of the social partner. In this study we asked whether smiles that anticipate social contact are used by 8- to 12-month-old infants as voluntary social signals. Eighty infants-20 at each of 8, 9, 10, and 12 months of age-completed 5 tasks. The tasks assessed anticipatory smiling during toy play, means-end understanding (2 tasks), intentional communication via gesture and vocalizations, and memory for mother's location. Across all ages, anticipatory smiling was strongly predicted by intentional gestural and vocal communication and by means-end understanding. The findings are discussed in terms of the nature and origins of infants' voluntary communications.
正在玩耍的婴儿常常会将微笑的目光投向社交伙伴。在某些情况下，微笑先于目光出现，所以它不可能是对社交伙伴的眼神或行为的反应。在本研究中，我们探讨了8至12个月大的婴儿是否将预期社交接触时的微笑用作一种自发的社交信号。八十名婴儿——8个月、9个月、10个月和12个月各20名——完成了5项任务。这些任务评估了在玩玩具时的预期微笑、手段—目的理解（两项任务）、通过手势和发声进行的有意交流以及对母亲位置的记忆。在所有年龄段中，有意的手势和发声交流以及手段—目的理解都能有力地预测预期微笑。我们从婴儿自发交流的性质和起源方面对这些发现进行了讨论。
