Universidad de Granada.
Psicothema. 2021 Feb;33(1):53-59. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2020.328.
Gender stereotypes are the images, beliefs, or expectations that people have about men and women. Have these stereotypes changed in Spain in recent decades?
In this study we present data on gender stereotypes in Spain in two different time periods (1985, N = 1060; and 2018, N = 802).
Results indicate that of the four components of the stereotypes analyzed (traits, role behaviors, occupations, and physical characteristics), the stereotypes in three of them have changed. In role behaviors and occupations, people perceive that men have increased their presence in female-linked gender roles and occupations, and that women have increased their presence in roles and occupations that are traditionally male-linked. Women in 2018 are more associated with physical characteristics traditionally associated with men, but men are not perceived as more associated with physical characteristics traditionally linked to women. In personality traits the stereotype has not changed: In agentic traits there were no differences between men and women in 1985 and in 2018; and communal traits were more attributed to women than men in 1985 and in 2018.
These results show that although gender stereotypes still exist in Spain, they have changed considerably, at least in several dimensions.
性别刻板印象是人们对男性和女性的形象、信念或期望。近几十年来，这些刻板印象在西班牙发生了变化吗？
在这项研究中，我们在两个不同的时间点（1985 年，N=1060；和 2018 年，N=802）展示了西班牙性别刻板印象的数据。
结果表明，在所分析的刻板印象的四个组成部分（特征、角色行为、职业和身体特征）中，其中三个部分的刻板印象已经发生了变化。在角色行为和职业方面，人们认为男性在女性相关的性别角色和职业中出现的频率增加了，而女性在传统上与男性相关的角色和职业中出现的频率也增加了。2018 年的女性更多地与传统上与男性相关的身体特征相关联，但男性并没有被认为与传统上与女性相关联的身体特征更相关联。在人格特质方面，刻板印象没有改变：在 1985 年和 2018 年，男性和女性在能动性特质方面没有差异；在 1985 年和 2018 年，女性比男性更具有共通性特质。
这些结果表明，尽管性别刻板印象在西班牙仍然存在，但它们已经发生了很大的变化，至少在几个方面是如此。
