Frassica Michael T, Grunlan Melissa A
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2120, United States.
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3003, United States.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2020 Aug 10;6(8):4324-4336. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00753. Epub 2020 Jul 27.
Regenerative engineering holds the potential to treat clinically pervasive osteochondral defects (OCDs). In a synthetic materials-guided approach, the scaffold's chemical and physical properties alone instruct cellular behavior in order to effect regeneration, referred to herein as "instructive" properties. While this alleviates the costs and off-target risks associated with exogenous growth factors, the scaffold must be potently instructive to achieve tissue growth. Moreover, toward achieving functionality, such a scaffold should also recapitulate the spatial complexity of the osteochondral tissues. Thus, in addition to the regeneration of the articular cartilage and underlying cancellous bone, the complex osteochondral interface, composed of calcified cartilage and subchondral bone, should also be restored. In this Perspective, we highlight recent synthetic-based, instructive osteochondral scaffolds that have leveraged new material chemistries as well as innovative fabrication strategies. In particular, scaffolds with spatially complex chemical and morphological features have been prepared with electrospinning, solvent-casting-particulate-leaching, freeze-drying, and additive manufacturing. While few synthetic scaffolds have advanced to clinical studies to treat OCDs, these recent efforts point to the promising use of the chemical and physical properties of synthetic materials for regeneration of osteochondral tissues.
再生工程有望治疗临床上普遍存在的骨软骨缺损（OCDs）。在一种合成材料引导的方法中，仅支架的化学和物理特性就能指导细胞行为以实现再生，本文将其称为“指导性”特性。虽然这减轻了与外源性生长因子相关的成本和脱靶风险，但支架必须具有强大的指导性才能实现组织生长。此外，为了实现功能性，这样的支架还应重现骨软骨组织的空间复杂性。因此，除了关节软骨和下方松质骨的再生外，由钙化软骨和软骨下骨组成的复杂骨软骨界面也应得到修复。在这篇观点文章中，我们重点介绍了最近基于合成材料的、具有指导性的骨软骨支架，这些支架利用了新的材料化学以及创新的制造策略。特别是，通过静电纺丝、溶剂浇铸-颗粒沥滤、冷冻干燥和增材制造制备了具有空间复杂化学和形态特征的支架。虽然很少有合成支架进入治疗OCDs的临床研究，但这些最新的努力表明，合成材料的化学和物理特性在骨软骨组织再生方面具有广阔的应用前景。
