Ahad Abdul, Raish Mohammad, Bin Jardan Yousef A, Al-Mohizea Abdullah M, Al-Jenoobi Fahad I
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Pharmaceutics. 2021 Jan 14;13(1):100. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010100.
Insulin is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by hyperglycemia. Subcutaneous injections are the standard mode of delivery for insulin therapy; however, this procedure is very often invasive, which hinders patient compliance, particularly for individuals requiring insulin doses four times a day. Furthermore, cases have been reported of sudden hypoglycemia occurrences following multidose insulin injections. Such an invasive and intensive approach motivates the quest for alternative, more user-friendly insulin administration approaches. For example, transdermal delivery has numerous advantages, such as prolonged drug release, low variability in the drug plasma level, and improved patient compliance. In this paper, the authors summarize different approaches used in transdermal insulin delivery, including microneedles, chemical permeation enhancers, sonophoresis, patches, electroporation, iontophoresis, vesicular formulations, microemulsions, nanoparticles, and microdermabrasion. Transdermal systems for insulin delivery are still being widely researched. The conclusions presented in this paper are extracted from the literature, notably, that the transdermal route could effectively and reliably deliver insulin into the circulatory system. Consistent progress in this area will ensure that some of the aforementioned transdermal insulin delivery systems will be introduced in clinical practice and commercially available in the near future.
胰岛素用于治疗以高血糖为特征的糖尿病。皮下注射是胰岛素治疗的标准给药方式；然而，这种方法往往具有侵入性，这会妨碍患者的依从性，尤其是对于那些每天需要注射四次胰岛素的个体。此外，有报道称多次注射胰岛素后会突然发生低血糖。这种侵入性和高强度的方法促使人们寻求替代的、更方便用户的胰岛素给药方法。例如，经皮给药有许多优点，如药物释放时间延长、药物血浆水平变异性低以及患者依从性提高。在本文中，作者总结了经皮胰岛素给药中使用的不同方法，包括微针、化学渗透促进剂、超声透入法、贴片、电穿孔、离子电渗疗法、囊泡制剂、微乳剂、纳米颗粒和微晶磨皮术。用于胰岛素给药的经皮系统仍在广泛研究中。本文给出的结论摘自文献，特别是经皮途径能够有效且可靠地将胰岛素输送到循环系统中。该领域的持续进展将确保上述一些经皮胰岛素给药系统在不久的将来引入临床实践并上市销售。
