Satiroff Jessica A, Messer Tiffany L, Mittelstet Aaron R, Snow Daniel D
Biological Systems Engineering Department, East Campus, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 5223 L.W. Chase Hall P.O. Box 830726, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0726, USA.
Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, 128 Barnhardt Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Mar 15;273:116399. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116399. Epub 2020 Dec 28.
Currently little is known of newer pesticide classes and their occurrence and persistence in recreational lakes. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) assess average pesticide concentrations and loadings entering recreational lakes in three mixed land use watersheds throughout the growing season, (2) evaluate pesticide persistence longitudinally within the lakes, and (3) perform an ecotoxicity assessment. Six sampling campaigns were conducted at three lakes from April through October 2018 to measure the occurrence and persistence during pre, middle, and post growing season. Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were placed in streams near lake inlets and monthly samples were collected for analysis of twelve pesticides. Additional monthly grab water samples were taken at each POCIS location and at the midpoint and outlet of each lake. All pesticide samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and individual pesticide loading rates were determined. Occurrence and persistence of specific pesticides were significantly different between lakes in varying watershed land uses. Specifically, the recreational lake receiving predominately urban runoff had the highest load of pesticides, likely in the form of biocides, entering the waterbody. Concentrations of imidacloprid exceeded acute and chronic invertebrate levels for 11% and 61% of the sampling periods, respectively, with the recreational lake receiving predominately urban runoff having the most occurrences. Findings from this study are critical for preventing and mitigating potential effects of pesticides, specifically applied as biocides in urban landscapes, from entering and persisting in recreational lakes.
目前，对于新型农药类别及其在休闲湖泊中的出现情况和持久性知之甚少。因此，本研究的目的是：（1）评估整个生长季节进入三个混合土地利用流域休闲湖泊的农药平均浓度和负荷；（2）纵向评估湖泊内农药的持久性；（3）进行生态毒性评估。2018年4月至10月在三个湖泊开展了六次采样活动，以测量生长季前、中、后期的农药出现情况和持久性。在湖泊入口附近的溪流中放置了极性有机化学综合采样器（POCIS），每月采集样本分析12种农药。在每个POCIS位置以及每个湖泊的中点和出水口额外采集每月一次的水样。所有农药样本均采用液相色谱/串联质谱法（LC/MS/MS）进行分析，并确定了每种农药的负荷率。不同流域土地利用情况下，各湖泊中特定农药的出现情况和持久性存在显著差异。具体而言，主要接收城市径流的休闲湖泊中进入水体的农药负荷最高，可能是以杀生物剂的形式存在。吡虫啉浓度在11%和61%的采样期分别超过了急性和慢性无脊椎动物水平，主要接收城市径流的休闲湖泊中出现的次数最多。本研究的结果对于预防和减轻农药（特别是在城市景观中用作杀生物剂的农药）进入休闲湖泊并在其中持久存在的潜在影响至关重要。
