Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Adv Parasitol. 2021;111:1-73. doi: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.001. Epub 2021 Jan 8.
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian microorganism that causes intestinal disease in animals including humans. E. bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen, typically causing severe or chronic diarrhoea, malabsorption and/or wasting. Currently, E. bieneusi is recognised as a fungus, although its exact classification remains contentious. The transmission of E. bieneusi can occur from person to person and/or animals to people. Transmission is usually via the faecal-oral route through E. bieneusi spore-contaminated water, environment or food, or direct contact with infected individuals. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes are usually identified and classified by PCR-based sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. To date, ~600 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi have been recorded in ~170 species of animals, including various orders of mammals and reptiles as well as insects in >40 countries. Moreover, E. bieneusi has also been found in recreational water, irrigation water, and treated raw- and waste-waters. Although many studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, prevalence surveys of animals and humans are scant in some countries, such as Australia, and transmission routes of individual genotypes and related risk factors are poorly understood. This article/chapter reviews aspects of the taxonomy, biology and epidemiology of E. bieneusi; the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of microsporidiosis; critically appraises the naming system for E. bieneusi genotypes as well as the phylogenetic relationships of these genotypes; provides new insights into the prevalence and genetic composition of E. bieneusi populations in animals in parts of Australia using molecular epidemiological tools; and proposes some areas for future research in the E. bieneusi/microsporidiosis field.
肠微孢子虫是一种微孢子微生物，可导致包括人类在内的动物的肠道疾病。E. bieneusi 是一种专性细胞内病原体，通常会导致严重或慢性腹泻、吸收不良和/或消瘦。目前，E. bieneusi 被认为是一种真菌，尽管其确切分类仍存在争议。E. bieneusi 的传播可以在人与人之间以及/或动物与人类之间发生。传播通常通过粪-口途径，通过 E. bieneusi 孢子污染的水、环境或食物，或直接接触受感染的个体。肠微孢子虫基因型通常通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）对核核糖体 DNA 的内部转录间隔区（ITS）进行测序来鉴定和分类。迄今为止，在包括哺乳动物和爬行动物在内的约 170 种动物中，已记录了约 600 种不同的 E. bieneusi 基因型，这些动物分布在 40 多个国家。此外，E. bieneusi 也存在于娱乐水中、灌溉水中以及处理后的原水和废水。尽管已经进行了许多关于 E. bieneusi 流行病学的研究，但在一些国家，如澳大利亚，对动物和人类的流行情况调查很少，对个别基因型的传播途径和相关危险因素也知之甚少。本文/章节综述了 E. bieneusi 的分类学、生物学和流行病学；微孢子虫病的诊断、治疗和预防；批判性地评价了 E. bieneusi 基因型的命名系统以及这些基因型的系统发育关系；利用分子流行病学工具，提供了澳大利亚部分地区动物中 E. bieneusi 种群的流行情况和遗传组成的新见解；并提出了 E. bieneusi/microsporidiosis 领域未来研究的一些方向。
