Kim Won-Keun, Cho Seungchan, Lee Seung-Ho, No Jin Sun, Lee Geum-Young, Park Kyungmin, Lee Daesang, Jeong Seong Tae, Song Jin-Won
Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 Jan 8;10:532388. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.532388. eCollection 2020.
Emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses pose significant public health, economic, and societal burdens. Hantaviruses (genus , family , order ) are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded, tripartite RNA viruses that are emerging zoonotic pathogens harbored by small mammals such as rodents, bats, moles, and shrews. Orthohantavirus infections cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in humans (HCPS). Active targeted surveillance has elucidated high-resolution phylogeographic relationships between patient- and rodent-derived orthohantavirus genome sequences and identified the infection source by temporally and spatially tracking viral genomes. Active surveillance of patients with HFRS entails 1) recovering whole-genome sequences of Hantaan virus (HTNV) using amplicon (multiplex PCR-based) next-generation sequencing, 2) tracing the putative infection site of a patient by administering an epidemiological questionnaire, and 3) collecting HTNV-positive rodents using targeted rodent trapping. Moreover, viral genome tracking has been recently performed to rapidly and precisely characterize an outbreak from the emerging virus. Here, we reviewed genomic epidemiological and active surveillance data for determining the emergence of zoonotic RNA viruses based on viral genomic sequences obtained from patients and natural reservoirs. This review highlights the recent studies on tracking viral genomes for identifying and characterizing emerging viral outbreaks worldwide. We believe that active surveillance is an effective method for identifying rodent-borne orthohantavirus infection sites, and this report provides insights into disease mitigation and preparedness for managing emerging viral outbreaks.
新出现和再次出现的RNA病毒给公共卫生、经济和社会带来了重大负担。汉坦病毒（属，科，目）是有包膜的、负链、单链、三分体RNA病毒，是由啮齿动物、蝙蝠、鼹鼠和鼩鼱等小型哺乳动物携带的新出现的人畜共患病原体。正汉坦病毒感染可导致人类肾综合征出血热（HFRS）和汉坦病毒心肺综合征（HCPS）。主动靶向监测阐明了患者和啮齿动物来源的正汉坦病毒基因组序列之间的高分辨率系统发育地理关系，并通过在时间和空间上追踪病毒基因组确定了感染源。对HFRS患者的主动监测包括：1）使用扩增子（基于多重PCR）下一代测序技术恢复汉滩病毒（HTNV）的全基因组序列；2）通过发放流行病学调查问卷追踪患者的假定感染地点；3）使用靶向啮齿动物诱捕方法收集HTNV阳性啮齿动物。此外，最近还进行了病毒基因组追踪，以快速、准确地表征新出现病毒的疫情。在此，我们回顾了基因组流行病学和主动监测数据，以根据从患者和自然宿主获得的病毒基因组序列来确定人畜共患RNA病毒的出现情况。本综述重点介绍了近期关于追踪病毒基因组以识别和表征全球新出现病毒疫情的研究。我们认为主动监测是识别啮齿动物传播的正汉坦病毒感染地点的有效方法，本报告为减轻疾病负担和应对新出现病毒疫情的准备工作提供了见解。
