Abubshait Abdulaziz, Wykowska Agnieszka
Social Cognition in Human-Robot Interaction (S4HRI) Unit, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
Front Robot AI. 2020 Nov 9;7:565825. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2020.565825. eCollection 2020.
Gaze behavior is an important social signal between humans as it communicates locations of interest. People typically orient their attention to where others look as this informs about others' intentions and future actions. Studies have shown that humans can engage in similar gaze behavior with robots but presumably more so when they adopt the intentional stance toward them (i.e., believing robot behaviors are intentional). In laboratory settings, the phenomenon of attending toward the direction of others' gaze has been examined with the use of the gaze-cueing paradigm. While the gaze-cueing paradigm has been successful in investigating the relationship between adopting the intentional stance toward robots and attention orienting to gaze cues, it is unclear if the repetitiveness of the gaze-cueing paradigm influences adopting the intentional stance. Here, we examined if the duration of exposure to repetitive robot gaze behavior in a gaze-cueing task has a negative impact on subjective attribution of intentionality. Participants performed a short, medium, or long face-to-face gaze-cueing paradigm with an embodied robot while subjective ratings were collected pre and post the interaction. Results show that participants in the long exposure condition had the smallest change in their intention attribution scores, if any, while those in the short exposure condition had a positive change in their intention attribution, indicating that participants attributed more intention to the robot after short interactions. The results also show that attention orienting to robot gaze-cues was positively related to how much intention was attributed to the robot, but this relationship became more negative as the length of exposure increased. In contrast to subjective ratings, the gaze-cueing effects (GCEs) increased as a function of the duration of exposure to repetitive behavior. The data suggest a tradeoff between the desired number of trials needed for observing various mechanisms of social cognition, such as GCEs, and the likelihood of adopting the intentional stance toward a robot.
注视行为是人类之间重要的社交信号，因为它传达了感兴趣的位置。人们通常会将注意力导向他人注视的地方，因为这能告知他人的意图和未来行动。研究表明，人类可以与机器人进行类似的注视行为，但推测当他们对机器人采取意向立场时（即认为机器人的行为是有意的），这种情况会更明显。在实验室环境中，人们使用注视提示范式研究了朝向他人注视方向的现象。虽然注视提示范式在研究对机器人采取意向立场与对注视提示的注意力定向之间的关系方面取得了成功，但尚不清楚注视提示范式的重复性是否会影响采取意向立场。在此，我们研究了在注视提示任务中接触重复性机器人注视行为的持续时间是否会对意向性的主观归因产生负面影响。参与者与一个具身机器人进行了短、中或长时间的面对面注视提示范式，同时在互动前后收集主观评分。结果表明，长时间暴露条件下的参与者在意图归因分数上变化最小（如果有变化的话），而短时间暴露条件下的参与者在意图归因上有正向变化，这表明参与者在短时间互动后将更多意图归因于机器人。结果还表明，对机器人注视提示的注意力定向与归因于机器人的意图量呈正相关，但随着暴露时间的增加，这种关系变得更负。与主观评分相反，注视提示效应（GCEs）随着对重复行为暴露时间的增加而增加。数据表明，在观察社会认知的各种机制（如GCEs）所需的期望试验次数与对机器人采取意向立场的可能性之间存在权衡。
